Long-Range Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization

August 2019

Prepared by
The Central Transportation Planning Staff
to the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization

The Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization is composed of the following:

Massachusetts Department of Transportation
Metropolitan Area Planning Council
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
MBTA Advisory Board
Massachusetts Port Authority
Regional Transportation Advisory Council
City of Boston
City of Beverly
City of Everett
City of Framingham
City of Newton
City of Somerville
City of Woburn
Town of Arlington
Town of Bedford
Town of Braintree
Town of Lexington
Town of Medway
Town of Norwood
Federal Highway Administration (nonvoting)
Federal Transit Administration (nonvoting)

This document was funded in part through grants from the Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration of the US Department of Transportation. Its contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the US Department of Transportation.

Contents

Executive Summary

Chapter 1 – Introduction and Process

Chapter 2 – Transportation Needs in the Boston Region

Chapter 3 – Funding the Transportation Network

Chapter 4 – The Recommended Plan

Chapter 5 – System Performance Report

Chapter 6 – Transportation Equity Performance Report

Chapter 7 – Air Quality Conformity Determination and Greenhouse Gas Analysis

Chapter 8 – Next Steps: Implementation of Destination 2040

Appendix A – Universe of Investment Programs and Projects

Appendix B – Destination 2040 Project Evaluation Methodology

Appendix C – Draft Disparate Impact and Disproportionate Burden Policy for the Long-Range Transportation Plan

Appendix D – Public Outreach for Destination 2040

NOTICE OF NONDISCRIMINATION RIGHTS AND PROTECTIONS

The MPO complies with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other federal and state nondiscrimination statutes and regulations in all programs and activities. The MPO does not discriminate based on race, color, national origin (including limited English proficiency), religion, creed, gender, ancestry, ethnicity, disability, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, veteran’s status (including Vietnam-era veterans), or background. Any person who believes herself/himself or any specific class of persons to have been subjected to discrimination prohibited by Title VI, ADA, or another nondiscrimination statute or regulation may, herself/himself or via a representative, file a written complaint with the MPO. Complaints filed under federal law (based on race, color, national origin [including limited English proficiency], sex, age, or disability) must be filed no later than 180 calendar days after the date the person believes the discrimination occurred. Complaints filed under Massachusetts General Law (based on race, color, religious creed, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, disability, or ancestry) or Governor’s Executive Order 526, section 4 (based on race, color, age, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, religion, creed, ancestry, national origin, disability, veteran’s status [including Vietnam-era veterans], or background) must be filed no later than 300 calendar days after the date the person believes the discrimination occurred. A complaint form and additional information can be obtained by contacting the MPO (see below) or at www.bostonmpo.org.

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, Cape Ann Transportation Authority, and MetroWest Regional Transit Authority, which are Federal Transit Administration Section 5307(c) applicants, have consulted with the MPO and concur that the public involvement process adopted by the MPO for the development of the Transportation Improvement Program satisfies the public hearing requirements that pertain to the development of the Program of Projects for regular Section 5307, Urbanized Area Formula Program, grant applications, including the provision for public notice and the time established for public review and comment.

Contact MPO staff:

By mail:

Boston Region MPO
Certification Activities Group, Central Transportation Planning Staff
10 Park Plaza, Suite 2150
Boston, MA 02116

By telephone:

857-702-3690 (voice), 617-570-9193 (TTY)

By fax:

By email:
amcgahan@ctps.org

Executive summary

to the Long-Range Transportation Plan

introduction

This document, Destination 2040, is the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization’s (MPO) Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) that will guide decisions about investments in the region’s transportation network to bring the system from its present state towards the MPO’s vision for the system’s future:

The Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization envisions a modern, well-maintained transportation system that supports a sustainable, healthy, livable, and economically vibrant region. To achieve this vision, the transportation system must be safe and resilient; incorporate emerging technologies; and provide equitable access, excellent mobility, and varied transportation options.

To help achieve the MPO’s vision, this LRTP identifies goals, evaluates needs, and sets priorities, which will be supported with federal funding that the MPO receives for planning and programming investments in capital projects. However, given the region’s aging transportation infrastructure and limited resources, the MPO continues to address the following challenge through this LRTP:

How can we maintain the transportation network to meet existing needs, adapt and modernize it for future demand, and simultaneously work within the reality of constrained fiscal resources?

The MPO recognizes the diverse transportation needs in the Boston region. Matters of system preservation and modernization, safety, capacity management and mobility, the environment, economic vitality, and environmental justice all must be addressed and balanced to reach the MPO’s goals. In response to this challenge, the Recommended Plan demonstrates the MPO’s method for providing adequate funding for major infrastructure projects and investment programs.

During the development of the previous LRTP, Charting Progress to 2040, the MPO reevaluated its past practices and set a new course by moving away from programming funding predominantly for expensive capital-expansion projects designed to ease traffic congestion and instead set aside more funding for small operations-and-management-type projects that support bicycle, pedestrian, and transit projects, along with major roadway improvements. Destination 2040 continues this practice and increases funding for operations-and-management programs.

The MPO developed Destination 2040 in compliance with the current federal highway legislation, Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act, which governs MPO activities. In addition, public participation provided ongoing critical input to the MPO’s decision-making process. Throughout development of this LRTP, the MPO engaged in extensive outreach with an eye toward making public participation convenient, inviting, and engaging for everyone. In particular, the MPO sought to break down barriers to participation for people who traditionally have been only minimally involved in the continuous, comprehensive, cooperative (3C) planning process, such as minority and low-income populations, people who are 75 years of age or older, people who are 17 years of age or younger, and those with limited English proficiency (also referred to as LEP) or disabilities. These outreach efforts were conducted through the MPO’s Public Participation Program, which has focused on expanding the use of electronic forms of communication and interactive engagement techniques.

transportation Needs

Early in the process of developing Destination 2040, the region’s transportation needs were assessed to help the MPO board decide which projects to fund in the LRTP. The Needs Assessment associated with Destination 2040 includes information about how the region’s surface transportation system is used now; projections of how it may be used in the future; how it interacts with land use conditions and the environment; and how well it serves low-income, minority, and other historically underserved populations. The Needs Assessment also establishes the baseline for monitoring progress through the MPO’s performance-based planning process.

The Needs Assessment data are available on the MPO’s website to help inform the public and make the planning process more transparent. The Needs Assessment document, also found on the MPO’s website, summarizes these data and identifies the region’s most critical needs relative to each of the MPO’s goals. The Needs Assessment makes clear that the transportation system requires extensive maintenance and modernization, and that there is a need to address safety and mobility for all modes.

Using the Needs Assessment and input from the public, the MPO staff compiled a comprehensive Universe of Projects and Programs that could be funded to address the identified problems; the projects and programs selected for evaluation and inclusion in this LRTP were taken directly from this list.

Vision, Goals, and Objectives

The MPO considered the public input provided during the development of the Needs Assessment for Destination 2040 when revisiting its existing vision, goals, and objectives. Based on that input, the MPO revised its vision statement to include additional emphasis on the maintenance and resilience of the transportation system. The MPO and public continue to envision the future transportation system by focusing on goals associated with these topics:

• Safety
• System Preservation and Modernization
• Capacity Management and Mobility
• Clean Air and Sustainable Communities
• Transportation Equity
• Economic Vitality

Public input was also taken into account when the MPO revised several of the objectives for each goal area. In addition to strengthening objectives focused on maintenance and resiliency of the system, changes were also made to the transportation equity objectives. Other changes included alignment of the objectives with the roles and responsibilities of the MPO and the incorporation of new planning requirements.

The goal areas were used by the MPO to categorize problems and their associated requirements for the transportation network in the Needs Assessment. This structure allowed the MPO to set goals that, if accomplished, would result in solutions for the identified problems and help the region achieve its vision. (See Figure ES-1.)

Figure ES-1
Destination 2040 Vision, Goals, and Objectives

Central Vision Statement

The Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization envisions a modern, well-maintained transportation system that supports a sustainable, healthy, livable, and economically vibrant region. To achieve this vision, the transportation system must be safe and resilient; incorporate emerging technologies; and provide equitable access, excellent mobility, and varied transportation options.

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Together, the vision, goals, and objectives lay the groundwork for the MPO’s performance-based planning practice, which in turn informs all of the work conducted by the MPO and includes evaluating and selecting projects and programs for the LRTP, selecting projects for the Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), and selecting planning studies for the Unified Planning Work Program.

Funding the transportation Network

During the 20 years of this plan, the Boston Region MPO has the discretion to program $2.9 billion in federal funds, which can be spent on highway transportation projects or flexed to transit projects. The federal agencies advised MassDOT and the MPO to assume that federal highway funding for MPOs would increase by 2.2 percent each year for federal fiscal years (FFYs) 2025 through 2040. For the same period, the MPO was told to assume that project costs would inflate by four percent each year. If these assumptions hold true, project costs will outpace available revenues resulting in diminished buying power in future years.

The financial plan for Destination 2040, which is discussed in Chapter 3, reflects the way in which the MPO plans to balance how it addresses the diverse identified needs while operating under the fiscal constraint of projected revenues. The financial plan includes estimated costs for the specific regionally significant transportation projects that the MPO will fund as well as defined amounts of money set aside throughout the life of the plan for programs that will fund smaller projects. Because these smaller projects are not regionally significant, they are not accounted for individually in the LRTP; rather they will be selected through the TIP programming process.

In addition to reporting on the MPO’s spending decisions, this financial plan provides information on the funds that the Commonwealth plans to spend on highway projects in the Boston region. It also describes expected resources available to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), the Cape Ann Transportation Authority, and the MetroWest Regional Transit Authority to provide and improve transit service in the region.

The REcommended Plan

Destination 2040 reaffirms the MPO’s policy of setting aside discretionary funding for a set of investment programs, continuing an operations-and-management approach to programming, and giving priority to low-cost, non-major infrastructure projects. The MPO agreed to continue funding the following existing investment programs, which are designed to prioritize the types of transportation projects that the MPO funds through its TIP

• Intersection Improvements: This program supports projects that improve signals and include geometric improvements to shorten crossings for pedestrians, add turning lanes for vehicles, and improve sidewalks.
• Complete Streets: This program supports projects that create continuous sidewalks, construct bicycle lanes and cycle tracks, improve roadway geometry and bridges, and fortify storm water drainage systems.
• Bicycle Network and Pedestrian Connections: This program supports projects that expand bicycle networks, create new shared-use paths, implement traffic calming improvements, and enhance signage.
• Community Connections (formerly the Community Transportation, Parking, and Clean Air and Mobility Program): This program supports projects that implement first- and last-mile shuttles, update transit technology, increase car and bicycle parking near transit stations, improve bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure for all travelers, including people with mobility impairments, and create or enhance travel instruction and education.
• Major Infrastructure: This program supports large-scale projects that modernize and/or expand major highways and arterials. Projects that add capacity to the transportation system or cost over $20 million are included in this program.

In addition, based on information from the Needs Assessment and public input, the MPO voted to

• expand the Complete Streets Program to accommodate funding for dedicated bus lanes and associated infrastructure, and climate resiliency improvements;
• expand the Community Connections Program to include investments that connect elderly adults to transportation; and
• establish a new investment program—the Transit Modernization Program, which would flex MPO discretionary funding to transit maintenance and modernization projects identified in coordination with MassDOT, the MBTA, MWRTA, and CATA.

In addition to establishing this set of investment programs, the MPO also revised its funding goals for each of the investment programs as follows:

• Complete Streets Program (including funding for dedicated bus lanes)—45 percent
• Intersection Improvements Program—13 percent
• Bicycle and Pedestrian Program—5 percent
• Community Connections—2 percent
• Transit Modernization Program—5 percent
• Major Infrastructure Program—30 percent

Major infrastructure projects that are funded by the MPO and included in Destination 2040 are shown in Table ES-1.

Table ES-1
Major Infrastructure Projects Funded by the Boston Region MPO in the Recommended Plan

FFY = Federal Fiscal Year. MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

In Destination 2040, for the transit network, the MPO has allocated all of the MBTA’s future transit capital funding to system infrastructure maintenance, accessibility improvements, and system enhancements. Destination 2040 also demonstrates the MPO’s commitment to projects in the State Implementation Plan by programming and funding them.

Table ES-2 presents a list of the amount of funding dedicated to programs in Destination 2040.

Table ES-2
Funding Dedicated to MPO Investment Programs in Destination 2040

MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

System Performance

During the life of Destination 2040, the Boston Region MPO will continue its transition to a performance-based approach to making investments in the region’s transportation system. The MPO’s performance-based planning and programming (PBPP) practice is focused on ensuring that transportation investment decisions are oriented toward meeting established goals. PBPP activities generally fall into three phases:

• Planning: Agencies set goals and objectives for the transportation system, identify performance measures to track progress toward those goals, and set performance targets. They identify and acquire data and conduct analyses necessary to support these processes. These activities form a framework for decision making.
• Investing: Agencies use the PBPP framework established in the planning phase to create strategies for investing transportation funding. The MPO documents these decisions in its TIP and LRTP.
• Monitoring and Evaluating: After making plans and investments, agencies take stock of their progress by reviewing and reporting on their outputs and performance outcomes. They track trends, collect data to understand the results of investment decisions, and compare targets to actual performance.

The MPO’s PBPP process includes activities that respond to federal PBPP requirements. States, public transportation agencies, and MPOs must set targets for, monitor, and report on performance in a number of defined performance areas with the goal of improving performance in these areas through transportation investments. Table ES-3 lists these performance areas.

Table ES-3
Federal Performance Areas and Performance Measure Topics

CMAQ = Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. NHS = National Highway System. Non-SOV = non-single occupancy vehicle.
Sources: Boston Region MPO, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.

To meet federal requirements, the MPO’s LRTP must

• list federally required performance measures and the MPO’s targets for these measures; and
• describe the performance of the Boston region’s transportation system with respect to federally required performance measures.

Chapter 5 of Destination 2040 lists federally required performance measures and targets and describes the state of the Boston region’s transportation system with respect to these measures. Additional information about the state of the system is available in the Needs Assessment.

The LRTP also outlines an investment framework, based on the MPO’s goals and objectives, and the projects and programs that are designed to improve transportation performance in these and other areas. Chapter 5 outlines how Destination 2040’s regionally significant projects and investment programs may improve performance in federal performance areas. These long-term investment strategies will inform the short-term capital investment decisions the MPO makes each year in the TIP. Finally, Chapter 5 explains how the MPO will report on performance and expand its PBPP practice in the future. 

Transportation Equity

As a recipient of federal funding from the Federal Transit Administration and the Federal Highway Administration, the MPO must comply with federal Title VI, environmental justice (EJ), and other nondiscrimination requirements promulgated by these agencies. Chapter 6, the Transportation Equity Performance Report, documents the MPO’s compliance with Title VI and EJ analytical requirements as they pertain to the LRTP. The chapter includes a map of the projects in the Recommended Plan overlaid on areas with high shares of minority and/or low-income populations and a disparate impact and disproportionate burden (DI/DB) analysis that determined whether minority and low-income populations may be disproportionately affected by the projects in the Recommended Plan that can be modeled, in the aggregate, in the MPO’s regional travel demand model.^ES-1

The DI/DB analyses, which are designed to meet both Title VI disparate impact and EJ analytical requirements, identified potential future disparate impacts that may result from the modeled projects and affect minority populations, as well as potential future disproportionate burdens that may affect low-income populations.^ES-2 Adverse effects may be either a delay or denial of benefits or an imposition of burdens. For this LRTP, MPO staff used the regional travel demand model to assess ten metrics for potential future disparate impacts and disproportionate burdens in both sets of analyses:

• Accessibility metrics
• Access to jobs within a 60-minute transit trip
• Access to retail opportunities within a 60-minute transit trip
• Access to healthcare services within a 40-minute transit trip
• Access to two- and four-year institutes of higher education within a 40-minute transit trip
• Mobility metrics       
• Average travel time for transit trips produced in MPO transportation analysis zones (TAZs)
• Average travel time for transit trips attracted to MPO TAZs
• Average travel time for highway trips produced in MPO TAZs
• Average travel time for highway trips attracted to MPO TAZs
• Environmental metrics       
• Carbon monoxide emissions per square mile
• Congested vehicle-miles traveled per square mile

Two scenarios were tested in the travel demand model to identify the projected impacts, as measured by these metrics, of the proposed transportation network on minority, low-income, nonminority, and non-low-income populations. In one scenario, the transportation network as envisioned for the year 2040 included the modeled projects (a build scenario) and another 2040 scenario did not include them (a no-build scenario). The changes between the build and no-build scenarios for the minority and low-income populations were compared to the changes between the nonminority and non-low-income populations, respectively.

Finally, MPO staff applied the MPO’s draft DI/DB Policy to determine whether this comparison revealed any disparate impact for the minority population or disproportionate burden for the low-income population. The DI/DB Policy, in effect for the first time during the development of Destination 2040, states how the MPO identifies and addresses potential future disparate impacts and disproportionate burdens that may result from the modeled projects in the Recommended Plan. In FFY 2018, MPO staff began the first of a two-phase effort to develop a DI/DB policy for the modeled projects; the second phase will begin in FFY 2020 and the draft policy will be revised to reflect this work. The current draft DI/DB Policy states that there would be a potential future disparate impact or disproportionate burden if the minority or low-income populations would likely be more adversely affected than the nonminority or non-low-income populations, respectively, assuming the finding is not skewed by a forecasting error for the metric.

The DI/DB analyses showed that no disparate impacts and disproportionate burdens would likely result from either the MPO-funded regional projects or the MassDOT and MPO-funded regionally significant projects.

Air Quality and GreenHouse Gas Analyses

The MPO staff completed two types of air quality analyses for Destination 2040. The first is the air quality conformity determination for projects in the LRTP, as required by federal and state regulations, which specifically addresses ozone and carbon monoxide (CO). The requirement to perform a conformity determination ensures that federal approval and funding are awarded to transportation activities that are consistent with air quality goals. The air quality conformity analysis demonstrates that the Destination 2040 LRTP meets the Clean Air Act and Transportation Conformity Rule requirements for the 1997 ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and the CO NAAQS, and that the LRTP has been prepared following all guidelines and requirements of these rules during this period. The analysis also shows that the implementation of the Boston Region MPO’s LRTP is consistent with the air quality goals of the Massachusetts State Implementation Plan and in conformity with that plan.

The second air quality analysis estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for projects in the LRTP and TIP as mandated by state legislation. The legislation requires reductions in GHG emissions of 25 percent below 1990 levels by 2020, and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. To do so, state policies require the transportation sector to promote healthy transportation modes and support smart growth development.

The Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) provided the MPO with statewide estimates of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions (the most prominent GHG) derived from the statewide travel demand model. These estimates were based on the collective list of recommended projects in all Massachusetts LRTPs and supplemented by “off-model” calculations of CO₂ emissions reductions for smaller projects supplied by the MPOs. Collectively all the projects programmed in the MPOs’ LRTPs in the 2020 Action scenario (a build scenario) provide a statewide reduction of CO₂ compared to the 2020 baseline case (a no-build scenario). The 2040 Action scenario also estimates a statewide reduction of CO₂ emissions compared to the 2040 baseline case.

These results demonstrate that the transportation sector is expected to make positive progress toward meeting the GHG emissions reduction targets and complying with the requirements of the Global Warming Solutions Act. MassDOT and the MPOs will continue to advocate for steps needed to accomplish the Commonwealth’s long-term goals for GHG reductions.

Conclusion

Destination 2040 continues the MPO’s practice of funding operations-and-management-type projects that support bicycle, pedestrian, and transit projects, along with major roadway improvements. The MPO expects that continuing along this course will help to achieve its transportation vision for the future, improve the quality of life for Boston region residents, and enhance the environment in the whole region.

Back to top

Chapter 1 - Introduction and Process

Introduction

With the adoption of Charting Progress to 2040, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization’s (MPO) previous Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP), the MPO began charting a new course. Residents, municipalities, public agencies, and organizations from around the region helped the MPO decide how to invest its resources to improve transportation in the region. The result was an LRTP that represented a turning point in the philosophy and practice of the MPO. More explicitly than it had done in past, the MPO prioritized investments in smaller operations and management (O&M) projects that support transit, pedestrian, and bicycle modes, moving away from larger roadway projects. This new course meant that more than half of the projects programmed by the MPO, since Charting Progress to 2040 was adopted in 2015,were these types of O&M projects.

This new LRTP, Destination 2040, continues and strengthens this course. The LRTP represents the continued interest by the people in the region to develop a multimodal transportation system that serves all people in the region. While any forecast into the future is uncertain, the transportation system that Destination 2040 envisions is one that can address burgeoning transportation needs today, and that can adapt to those in the future. The vision of Destination 2040 is as follows:

The Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization envisions a modern, well-maintained transportation system that supports a sustainable, healthy, livable, and economically vibrant region. To achieve this vision, the transportation system must be safe and resilient; incorporate emerging technologies; and provide equitable access, excellent mobility, and varied transportation options.

In order to create a plan designed to implement this vision, the LRTP defines goals and objectives that guide the planning process and establishes performance measures to evaluate progress. It also outlines the transportation needs and challenges the region faces over the next 20 years. Finally, it identifies strategies to address those needs, using financial resources available to the Boston Region MPO.

The LRTP IN the MPO’s Transportation Planning Process

Destination 2040 is a product of the Boston Region MPO, which is the designated MPO for the Boston metropolitan area. Each metropolitan area in the United States with a population of 50,000 people or more is required by federal legislation to establish an MPO. MPOs are responsible for providing a forum for a regional transportation planning decision-making process. The MPO body decides how to spend federal transportation funds for capital projects and planning studies for the area. The process is guided by a broad coalition of people including elected officials, municipal planners and engineers, transportation advocates, and interested residents.

The LRTP is one of the MPO’s required planning documents. It is meant to plan for the long-range future (at least 20 years) of the region. Every four years, the MPO identifies the system’s strengths and weaknesses; forecasts changes in population, employment, and land use; and creates a plan to address existing and future mobility needs. The resulting LRTP allocates funding for major projects in the Boston region and guides the MPO’s funding of capital investment programs and studies.

The Continuing, Comprehensive, and Cooperative Transportation Planning Process

The federal government regulates the funding, planning, and operation of the surface transportation system through the federal transportation program, which was enacted into law through Titles 23 and 49 of the United States Code. Section 134 of Title 23 of the Federal Aid Highway Act and Section 5303 of the Federal Transit Act, as amended, require that urbanized areas conduct a transportation planning process, resulting in plans and programs consistent with the objectives of the metropolitan area, in order to be eligible for federal funds.

The most recent reauthorization of the surface transportation law is the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act. The FAST Act sets policies related to metropolitan transportation planning. The law requires all MPOs to carry out a continuing, comprehensive, and cooperative (3C) transportation planning process.

The Boston Region MPO is responsible for carrying out the 3C planning process in the Boston region and has established the following objectives for the process:

• Identify transportation problems and develop possible solutions
• Ensure that decision-making balances short- and long-range considerations and adequately reflects the range of possible future scenarios, options, and consequences
• Represent both regional and local considerations, as well as both transportation and non-transportation objectives and impacts, in the analysis of project issues
• Assist implementing agencies in effecting timely policy and project decisions with adequate consideration of environmental, social, fiscal, and economic impacts, and with adequate opportunity for participation by other agencies, local governments, and the public
• Help implementing agencies to prioritize transportation activities in a manner consistent with the region’s needs and resources
• Comply with the requirements of the FAST Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Clean Air Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 12898 (regarding environmental justice), Executive Order 13166 (regarding outreach to populations with limited English-language proficiency), and Executive Order 13330 (regarding the coordination of human-services transportation)

More information about the federal, state, and regional guidance governing the transportation planning process and the regulatory framework in which the MPO operates can be found in Appendix A of the LRTP Needs Assessment document.

The Boston Region MPO

The MPO’s planning area covers 97 municipalities from Boston north to Ipswich, south to Marshfield, and west to Interstate 495. Figure 1-1 shows the map of the Boston Region MPO’s member municipalities.

Figure 1-1
Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization Municipalities

Source: Boston Region MPO.

The MPO’s board comprises of 22 voting members. Several state agencies, regional organizations, and the City of Boston are permanent voting members, while 12 municipalities are elected as voting members for three-year terms. Eight municipal members represent each of the eight subregions of the Boston region, and there are four at-large municipal seats. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) participate on the MPO board as advisory (nonvoting) members. Figure 1-2 shows MPO membership and the organization of the Central Transportation Planning Staff (CTPS), which serves as staff to the MPO.

Figure 1-2
Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization Member Structure

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Key Planning Documents

As part of the 3C process, the Boston Region MPO regularly produces several planning and programming documents that describe MPO priorities and investments. These are collectively referred to as certification documents and are required for the MPO’s process to be certified as meeting federal requirements and, subsequently, to receive federal transportation funds. The three documents that comprise the certification documents are the LRTP, the Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), and the Unified Planning Work Program (UPWP). In addition to producing these documents, the MPO must also establish and conduct an inclusive public participation process; comply with all federal Title VI, environmental justice, and nondiscrimination requirements; and maintain transportation models and data resources to support air quality conformity determination and long- and short-range planning work and initiatives.

The following is a summary of each of the certification documents.

• The LRTP guides decision making on investments that will be made in the Boston region’s transportation system over the next two decades. It defines an overarching vision of the future of transportation in the region, establishes goals and objectives that will lead to achieving that vision, and allocates projected revenue to transportation projects and programs consistent with established goals and objectives. The Boston Region MPO produces an LRTP every four years.
• The TIP is a multiyear, multimodal program of transportation improvements that align with the vision, goals, and objectives that are laid out in the LRTP. The TIP serves as the implementation arm of the MPO’s LRTP. Updated annually, it prioritizes and programs transportation projects to fund during a five-year period. The types of transportation projects, within investment programs, that are funded in the TIP are described in the LRTP. Starting with the federal fiscal year (FFY) 2020–24 TIP, all TIP investments will reflect the investment programs described in Destination 2040, until the next LRTP is developed. New investment programs established as part of Destination 2040 will be incorporated into the TIPs beginning in FFY 2021. These programs include major highway reconstruction and maintenance, intersection improvements, public transit expansion and maintenance, community transit service, Complete Streets redesigns, bicycle paths and infrastructure, and pedestrian improvements. The TIP also contains a financial plan that shows the revenue sources, current or proposed, for each project. An MPO-endorsed TIP is incorporated into the State Transportation Improvement Program (also referred to as STIP) for submission to the FHWA, FTA, and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for approval.
• The UPWP, which is produced annually, contains information about transportation planning studies that will be conducted by MPO staff during the course of a FFY, which runs from October 1 through September 30. The UPWP also describes all of the supportive planning activities undertaken by the MPO staff, including data resources management, preparation of the federally required certification documents, and ongoing regional transportation planning assistance. The transportation needs, identified in the process of developing the LRTP’s Needs Assessment, often serve as the catalyst for studies programmed in the UPWP. The studies and work products programmed for funding through the UPWP are integrally related to other planning initiatives conducted by the Boston Region MPO, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), the Massachusetts Port Authority, the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC), and municipalities in the Boston region.

Coordination

Several agencies are involved in planning and programming highway and public transit projects in the Boston region. The MPO regularly coordinates with these agencies, including MassDOT, the MBTA, and the region’s regional transit authorities (RTAs). Coordination ensures that agencies’ strategic visions complementary and comprehensively cover the various transportation needs in the region. In particular, MassDOT’s Capital Investment Plan (CIP), which includes MBTA capital projects as well as RTA investments, prioritizes funding according to MassDOT’s strategic goals. In addition, MBTA’s long-term investment plan, Focus40, describes the long-term vision and goals of the MBTA, guiding it toward a transportation system that is reliable, robust, and resilient. Destination 2040 represents the MPO’s continued collaboration with these agencies, as well as the region’s municipalities, other transit providers, and other stakeholders, to further a shared vision of a sustainable, equitable, accessible, and economically vibrant region.

Creating Destination 2040

This section describes how the MPO created and will implement Destination 2040. It discusses how the MPO identified transportation needs in the region through public outreach and data analysis; revisited and revised its investment programs and program sizes; established the financial resources available for funding projects and programs; selected projects for programming; developed the recommended plan; analyzed potential air quality and transportation equity impacts; collected public comments; and explained how the LRTP will monitor and implement the plan.

Assessing the Region’s Transportation Needs

Identifying Transportation Needs

The process for developing Destination 2040 began with the development of the Needs Assessment. The Needs Assessment process consisted of two core components—conducting public outreach to gather input on transportation needs from people across the region, and analyzing data on transportation services and infrastructure to identify existing gaps and opportunities for improvement. In addition, MPO staff reviewed existing transportation plans and policies developed by municipalities and other transportation agencies to get a better understanding of their transportation needs. As new data became available, MPO staff updated relevant analyses as needed. The results of the Needs Assessment were used to revise the LRTP’s vision, goals, and objectives, select projects and programs to address the transportation needs in the region, and to develop future study ideas as part of the UPWP.

For the public outreach component of the Needs Assessment, conducted from fall of 2017 to summer of 2018, the MPO received more than 2,000 comments and ideas about transportation needs and opportunities for improving the transportation system. These comments were gathered through various formats, summarized below:

• Meetings with MAPC’s eight subregional groups in the fall of 2017. Staff visited each of these groups once to get feedback and returned in the fall of 2018 to encourage members to review the draft Needs Assessment Summary and Recommendations and provide feedback.
• Meetings with stakeholder organizations, including advocacy organizations and others interested in discussing transportation issues in the region.
• MPO office hours, where MPO staff held monthly office hours at designated times to engage the public in one-on-one conversations with MPO staff.
• Open Houses, which were held in the spring of 2018 to allow the public to comment in person on the draft TIP and UPWP. Comments on transportation needs were considered as input into the Needs Assessment.
• Summits and forums in collaboration with partner organizations to reach broader audiences. This included participating in forums, co-hosting a summit, and exhibiting at conferences and other public events.
• An electronic survey asking stakeholders for input about transportation needs and opportunities. The survey was posted on the MPO website, sent out via email, and advertised on Twitter and the MPO blog.

Developing Demographic Projections

To identify transportation needs in the future, it is necessary to project the land use patterns, growth in employment and population, and trends in travel patterns to determine how they affect demand on the region’s transportation system. MAPC, the region’s land use planning agency, was responsible for preparing detailed population, employment, and household projections to the year 2040 to support the LRTP. MassDOT helped lead this process by creating a projections committee with members from each of the state’s MPOs, MAPC, CTPS, and other relevant government agencies. This committee oversaw the development of regional population, labor force, household, and employment projections for each MPO in the state. MAPC and the University of Massachusetts Donahue Institute were contracted as technical leads for the production of these projections.

Overall, the land use scenario created for the LRTP, Destination 2040, involves key assumptions about the future and reflects large-scale, long-term land use trends in the region due to an aging population, a restructured economy, and the investment in development projects already planned. Detailed information on this process can be found in Chapter 2 of the Needs Assessment document.

Establishing a Vision, Goals, and Objectives

In the fall of 2018 and the winter of 2019, using the Needs Assessment results, the MPO revisited its vision statement and supporting goals and objectives to ensure that they fully addressed the region’s transportation needs. The vision statement and supporting goals and objectives were found to reflect the overarching needs identified in the Needs Assessment and from public input. The goals largely remained the same as in Charting Progress to 2040, while several of the objectives have been revised to better reflect the results of the Needs Assessment, to better align the objectives with the roles and responsibilities of the MPO, and to incorporate new planning requirements. MPO staff also received input from the public on the draft revisions to the vision, goals, and objectives in winter 2019 through an online survey.

In addition to addressing the identified needs, the MPO’s goals and objectives relate to the 10 federal planning factors that are included in the FAST Act. More information on the relationship between the MPO’s goals and objectives and the federal planning factors can be found in Appendix A of the Needs Assessment document. The MPO’s revised vision, goals, and objectives are shown in Figure 1-3.

Figure 1-3
Destination 2040 Vision, Goals, and Objectives

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Together, the vision, goals, and objectives, lay the groundwork for the MPO’s performance-based planning practices, which in turn informs all of the work conducted by the MPO, including evaluating and selecting projects for the LRTP and TIP and selecting studies for the UPWP.

Understanding Available Resources

The finance plan is an important part of the LRTP, which is required to be a financially constrained document—meaning that the Boston Region MPO has the finances to cover the projects and programs recommended in the plan. The financial assumptions for this LRTP include an increase in federal highway funding for the MPO compared to the previous LRTP. Charting Progress to 2040, (the MPOs 2015 LRTP), allowed for an increase in revenue of one-and-a-half percent per year. For this LRTP, the MPO assumed an increase in federal highway dollars of two-and-two-tenths percent per year, based on guidance from MassDOT, which was developed in consultation with federal agencies. Therefore, the MPO has additional resources for commitments to projects included in Destination 2040. Project cost increases, due to the application of an inflationary factor (four percent per year), also affect funding in the later time bands of the LRTP. Transit finances vary by funding source. Chapter 3 provides detailed information about finances for Destination 2040.

Developing the Recommended LRTP

Identifying Projects and Programs

To initiate the project selection process, MPO staff identified possible projects and programs for funding and assembled them into the Universe of Projects and Programs. The full Universe of Projects and Programs is included in Appendix A. All active and conceptual highway and transit projects that are eligible for inclusion in the LRTP were included in the Universe of Projects. This includes all projects that cost more than $20 million and/or would add capacity to the transportation network. Specifically, the Universe of Projects includes projects that

• have already been programmed in the LRTP and TIP (excluding the first year of the TIP) for both the highway and transit modes;
• are active MassDOT projects;
• Are identified as important for meeting the region’s transportation needs, as described in the Needs Assessment
• have emerged as recommended from studies conducted by the MPO and other entities in the region; and
• are included in the MBTA’s Focus40, transit projects in the MassDOT CIP, and other projects recommended by the MBTA.

The Universe of Programs list consists of those investment programs that were considered for inclusion in the LRTP. Investment programs include projects that do not have to be listed in the plan because they cost less than $20 million and do not add capacity to the system. These programs include those in Charting Progress to 2040 as well as proposed new and revised programs that emerged from the results of the Needs Assessment.

The MPO also received public input through a survey about its recommended priority projects and programs in the Universe of Projects and Programs lists. Based on public input and discussions with the MPO board, this LRTP includes the following investment programs:

• Intersection Improvements
• Signal and geometry improvements
• Complete Streets 
• Roadway corridor modernization
• Dedicated bus lanes and associated transit infrastructure
• Climate resiliency improvements^1-1
• Bicycle Network and Pedestrian Connections
• Expansion of on-street and off-street bicycle and pedestrian networks
• Street crossing improvements
• Community Connections (formerly Community Transportation/Parking/Clean Air and Mobility Program)
• First-mile and last-mile connections (transit, pedestrian, and bicycle)
• Parking management
• Education and wayfinding
• Major Infrastructure (projects that cost more than $20 million or projects that add capacity to the transportation network, regardless of investment program)
• Transit expansion
• Major Complete Streets projects
• Interchange modernization
• Transit Modernization
• MPO discretionary funding flexed to transit modernization projects such as station improvements

These programs are designed to prioritize the types of transportation projects that the MPO funds through the TIP. Any project under consideration must fit into one of the programs. In this LRTP, the MPO kept the five investment programs in Charting Progress to 2040, and added one program, Transit Modernization. The Complete Streets Program was expanded to include dedicated bus lanes and climate resiliency improvements, while the Community Connections Program was expanded to include investments that connect elderly adults to transportation.

Establishing Program Sizes

In the spring of 2019, the MPO set aside a specific amount of funding for each investment program based on the investment program decisions. The funding amounts generally correspond to the levels that the programs have been funded in the past five TIPs. Notably, the amount set aside for the Complete Streets Program was not only expanded (because the MPO is funding more of these types of projects), it was increased by an additional two percent to accommodate dedicated bus lane projects. The estimate for dedicated bus lanes was based on funding several of the highest priority bus corridors identified in a previous MPO study and cost estimates provided by the MBTA. The MPO then allocated funding for the six programs across the LRTP’s four bands (FFYs 2020–24, 2025–29, 2030–34, and 2035–40). Based on this allocation, the MPO distributed the following funding amounts to these investment programs:

• Major Infrastructure (projects that add capacity to the transportation network): as much as30 percent

• Complete Streets: 45 percent 

• Intersection Improvements: 13 percent

• Bicycle Network and Pedestrian Connections: 5 percent

• Community Connections: 2 percent

• Transit Modernization: 5 percent

Evaluating Projects

The MPO applied its goals and objectives as criteria in a qualitative evaluation of the major infrastructure and capacity-adding highway projects in the Universe of Projects. Only those projects that had been sufficiently well-defined to allow for analysis were evaluated. The assessment of how well projects would address the MPO’s goals and objectives helped the MPO identify priority projects for the Major Infrastructure Program. Appendix B provides detailed information on project evaluations and documentation of the evaluation process.

Selecting Projects 

In the winter of 2019, MPO staff reached out to municipalities and MassDOT highway districts to gather information about the readiness of highway projects in the Universe of Projects list and the action being taken to advance the projects. Using this information, along with the project evaluations, MPO staff developed several possible funding alternatives that reflected the investment program funding goals. These alternatives include the following:

• Alternative 1—Fully fund the 30 percent Major Infrastructure Program
• Alternative 1A—Reclassify larger Complete Streets projects from the Major Infrastructure Program to the Complete Streets Program
• Alternative 2—Program with a higher-cost interchange project
• Alternative 3—Program smaller interchange projects
• Alternative 4—Leave funding unallocated in later time bands

The MPO board reviewed and discussed the alternatives in May 2019 and voted to adopt Alternative 4 as its preferred alternative for the Destination 2040 LRTP. This will allow funding for projects that may emerge in the future and funding for projects whose costs may increase after proceeding to final design. More detail on the project selection process is included in Chapter 4.

Analyzing Potential Transportation Equity Impacts

Once the projects were selected, MPO staff conducted two analyses to assess how the projects may affect minority and low-income populations in the outer year of the LRTP (2040). These analyses include identifying potential future disparate impacts and disproportionate burdens (DI/DB) that may result from the program of projects, and mapping the program of projects overlaid on areas with high shares of minority and/or low-income populations.^1-2 These analyses are required by the Title VI and environmental justice guidance promulgated by the FTA and/or the FHWA. The results of the analysis and the methodology can be found in Chapter 6. The draft DI/DB Policy used to complete the DI/DB analysis can be found in Appendix C.

Analyzing Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Impacts

Additional analyses were also conducted to assess the air quality and greenhouse gas impacts of the projects selected for the LRTP. The first analysis ensures that the LRTP is consistent with the Commonwealth’s plans for attaining and maintaining air quality standards. The second analysis reports the results of the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the projects and programs being included in the LRTP, as required by the Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act. The results of the analysis and the methodology can be found in Chapter 7.

Collecting Public Comments

The public was consulted throughout the entire development of the LRTP. The Needs Assessment, the revised vision, goals, and objectives, the investment programs, and the recommended plan reflect public input during each stage of LRTP development. The LRTP’s public comment period in July and August 2019 provides the public a final opportunity to review and comment on the recommended plan and the entire LRTP development process before Destination 2040 is finalized. To facilitate this, MPO staff visited several transportation events in the region to encourage public comment. The public was notified of the availability of the draft LRTP on the MPO’s website, sent out via email, posted on Twitter, and posted on the MPO's blog. More details on the public input process can be found in Appendix D.

Creating a Path Forward

Monitoring Progress and Performance

In recent years, the MPO has been incorporating performance-based planning and programming (PBPP) practices into its LRTP development and other processes. These practices are designed to help direct MPO funds towards achieving specific outcomes for the transportation system. The MPO’s goals and investment programs are key components of its PBPP framework. In FFY 2018, the MPO began to set targets for specific performance measures. Over time, the MPO will closely link its performance targets, investment decisions, and monitoring and evaluation activities. More details on the PBPP process can be found in Chapter 5.

Implementing the Plan

As the guiding document for the MPO’s investment priorities, each LRTP is subsequently implemented through the TIP and the UPWP. Specifically, the needs identified in the Needs Assessment and the goals and objectives established in the LRTP are used to guide the programming of studies and projects in each year’s TIP and UPWP. The transportation needs identified in the Needs Assessment often serve as the catalyst for developing studies programmed in the UPWP. Additionally, the projects programmed in the investment programsare defined each year in the TIP. The objectives described in the LRTP will also be used to develop new evaluation criteria for TIP projects starting with the FFY 2021–25 TIP. More details on the process of implementing the LRTP can be found in Chapter 8.

Destination 2040 Chapters

The remaining chapters of Destination 2040 are organized as follows:

Chapter 2—Transportation Needs in the Region: Includes a summary of the regional transportation needs identified in the Needs Assessment

Chapter 3—Funding the Transportation Network: Describes the transportation funding to be spent in the MPO region over the life of the LRTP; explains LRTP fiscal constraint requirements; and identifies the amount of transportation funding over which the MPO has decision-making power

Chapter 4—The Recommended Plan: Describes the projects and programs in the LRTP and the process for their selection

Chapter 5—System Performance Report: Discusses federal requirements for performance measurement, the MPO’s development and implementation of a PBPP process, the MPO's performance targets, and the region’s current performance with respect to federally required performance measures

Chapter 6—Transportation Equity Performance Report: Includes a description of the MPO’s approach to identifying transportation equity populations and their role in Title VI analysis, and presents the Title VI and environmental justice analyses required for the LRTP

Chapter 7—Air Quality Conformity Determination and Greenhouse Gas Analysis: Includes the air quality conformity determination showing that the LRTP is consistent with the Commonwealth’s plans for attaining and maintaining air quality standards; and reports on the carbon dioxide emission reductions from projects and programs in the LRTP in accordance with the Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act

Chapter 8—Next Steps: Implementation of Destination 2040: Describes the activities the MPO will undertake to implement the LRTP, including through its TIP and UPWP

Appendices: Provide more detail on specific components of the LRTP development process, and includes:

• Appendix A—Universe of Investment Programs and Projects
• Appendix B—Project Evaluation Methodology
• Appendix C—Draft DI/DB Policy
• Appendix D—Public Outreach for Destination 2040

Back to top

Chapter 2 - Transportation Needs in the Boston Region

Introduction

A critical early step in developing the Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) was to gather, organize, and analyze available sources of data about the regional transportation system and its present and future needs. This process resulted in the Needs Assessment, which consists of two main parts:

• The first part is a written report, which is a compilation of existing data on transportation, population and employment conditions, and analyses and projections of future conditions that indicate prospective transportation demand. The report identifies needs relative to six goal areas.
• The second part is an online interactive database containing data on transportation, population, and employment conditions used in the development of the Needs Assessment document.

Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) staff used the Needs Assessment application to analyze various components of the transportation system and their capacity, condition, and current and projected use.

The Needs Assessment analysis guided the MPO when deciding how to address the region’s transportation needs through this LRTP, and it also will guide future decision making about projects to fund in the MPO’s Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) and studies to conduct through the Unified Planning Work Program (UPWP). The Needs Assessment also includes baseline information for the MPO’s performance-based planning and programming (PBPP) process, which tracks progress over time to determine whether planned changes to the transportation system are helping to achieve the MPO’s goals and objectives.

This chapter presents a summary of the region’s needs (described in full in the associated Needs Assessment document). Both the Needs Assessment document and the interactive Needs Assessment application may be accessed through the MPO’s website at https://www.bostonmpo.org/maploc/www/apps/lrtpNeedsAssessmentApp/index.html.

Information in this chapter and the online Needs Assessment document is organized according to the goals outlined in this LRTP, which the MPO staff used to evaluate projects and programs considered for programming in this LRTP. The goals are focused on the following topics:

• Safety
• System Preservation and Modernization
• Capacity Management and Mobility
• Clean Air and Sustainable Communities
• Transportation Equity
• Economic Vitality

The online Needs Assessment document includes the following chapters, which contain details about the needs, as well as the conditions that create the needs.

• Chapter 1—Introduction to the Needs Assessment: describes the purpose of the Needs Assessment, the process for creating it, and data resources used to inventory and assess the region’s transportation needs.
• Chapter 2—Land Use and the Transportation System: describes the study area and the existing transportation system in the Boston region, and provides an overview of current land uses in the region and the type of development projected to occur between now and 2040.
• Chapter 3—Travel Patterns in the Boston Region: describes the region’s current travel patterns (under base case 2016 conditions), and those that are projected to occur between now and 2040 if there are no improvements to the transportation system (no-build conditions).
• Chapters 4 through 9—Needs in Each of the MPO’s Goal Areas: report on the region’s transportation needs in the region relative to each of the six goal areas listed above.
• Chapter 10—Summary of Recommendations to Address Transportation Needs: describes the existing and proposed programs and studies that will help to address the transportation needs outlined in Chapters 4 through 9.

The Needs Assessment incorporates information from previous and ongoing transportation planning work, including the Charting Progress 2040 LRTP (the MPO’s previous LRTP updated in 2016), PBPP work being conducted by the MPO, the MPO’s Congestion Management Process, transportation equity and public outreach, MPO studies, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority’s (MBTA) Focus40 plan, and relevant studies conducted by other transportation agencies.

Travel demand modeling is a key part of the LRTP and Needs Assessment analyses. The Destination 2040 LRTP uses a base year of 2016 and a future year of 2040 to model the transportation network and socioeconomic trends. Inputs into the travel demand model included existing and projected socioeconomic information (population, housing, and employment data) and the existing and proposed transportation network. These existing and projected data were important factors in determining regional transportation needs.

Prioritized Regional Needs

For each of the MPO’s six goal areas, the sections below provide the issue statement, the summary of needs, and the recommendations to address those needs for the next 20 years. A description of the types of recommendations presented in the tables includes the following:

• Existing Programs/Existing Initiatives: Investment programs that were included in the MPO’s previous LRTP, Charting Progress to 2040, and TIP to address specific transportation needs. It also includes existing technical assistance programs or initiatives that are in the MPO’s UPWP.
• Proposed Programs: Potential investment and technical assistance programs that were considered for implementation by the MPO in the Destination 2040 LRTP.
• Existing Studies: Existing MPO studies that are currently underway or recently completed in the federal fiscal year (FFY) 2019 UPWP or planned studies, research, and analyses programmed in the FFY 2020 UPWP that address transportation needs identified in the Needs Assessment.
• Proposed Studies: Studies that could be considered by the MPO in future UPWPs. These study ideas were included in the Universe of Studies used for the development of the FFY 2020 UPWP.
• Other Actions: Actions that the MPO could take to address the identified needs in this document.

Detailed information may be found in Chapters 4 through 9 of the full Needs Assessment report, which includes the following:

• The goals and related objectives
• Issue statements related to each goal
• Background information for each goal
• A summary of needs, including recommendations from the staff to address the needs in each goal area
• Research and analyses conducted to identify the needs for each goal area
• Stakeholder and public input gathered for each goal area
• Updates to planning requirements and policies in each goal area since the last Needs Assessment conducted as part of Charting Progress to 2040

Safety

Safety Issue Statement

People who travel by car, truck, bus, rail, bicycle, or on foot in the Boston region seek to travel safely, but often these modes compete for space and priority on the roadways. While roadway crashes overall have declined over time, recent increases in bicycle and pedestrian crashes and in serious injuries to pedestrians attest to the challenge of ensuring safety for all modes. Changes to travel patterns, caused in part by increased use of transportation network company (TNC) services (for example, Uber and Lyft) and deliveries from online retail businesses, add to the many factors that affect safety on the region’s transportation system. Meanwhile, advancements in connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) technology have the potential to generate safety benefits, but this technology may also change travel patterns and influence traveler behavior in ways that introduce new concerns.

Safety Needs Summary

Reducing the number of transportation-related crashes, safety incidents, injuries, and fatalities as well as related property damage, pain, and suffering, is the Boston Region MPO’s highest priority. This focus is in line with federal and Commonwealth of Massachusetts goals and Vision Zero policies that are being implemented by municipalities in the region. (More information is available in Chapter 5–System Performance Report.) Potential projects that improve transportation safety in the region will need to account for all modes and employ a variety of strategies. Effective solutions will also require collaboration between the MPO, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), other Commonwealth executive agencies, the region’s transit providers, municipalities, and other stakeholders.

Over the last several decades, the MPO has built a practice of analyzing roadway crash trends and crash locations. The MPO helps address key safety issues by recommending roadway design solutions for specific locations; creating tools and guidance to help municipalities address local safety issues; and investing in capital projects through the LRTP and TIP to improve safety.

Going forward, the MPO must continue to enhance practices of analyzing data, collecting public feedback, and applying staff expertise to recommend safety solutions. The MPO must also continue to apply and improve LRTP and TIP evaluation and development processes that help identify and support projects likely to have safety benefits. The MPO should also continue to monitor the potential impacts that CAV technology will have on roadway user behavior and safety.

There are also areas where the MPO can expand activities to address transportation safety. The MPO will need to consider transit safety issues, data requirements, and needs when coordinating with the region’s transit providers to set targets for federally required transit safety performance measures. (More information is available in Chapter 5–System Performance Report.) The MPO should analyze transit safety trends on an ongoing basis, consider the potential safety benefits of projects for the MBTA, Cape Ann Transportation Authority (CATA), MetroWest Regional Transit Authority (MWRTA), and MassDOT that are programmed in the TIP, and explore opportunities to support transit agencies’ safety initiatives and investments. The MPO should also continue to collaborate with safety practitioners, transportation agency representatives, municipalities, and others to identify both infrastructure and non-infrastructure approaches (such as education and awareness campaigns) to reduce fatalities, injuries, incidents, and other safety outcomes across all transportation modes and systems.

Table 2-1 summarizes key findings about safety needs that MPO staff identified through data analysis and public input. It also includes staff recommendations for addressing each need.

Table 2-1
Safety Needs in the Boston Region Identified through Data Analysis and Public Outreach and Recommendations to Address Needs

CAV = Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. EPDO = Equivalent Property Damage Only. FFY = federal fiscal year. LRTP = Long-Range Transportation Plan. MassDOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation. MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. RTA = regional transit authority. TNC = transportation network company.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

System Preservation

System Preservation Issue Statement

The Boston region’s transportation infrastructure is aging and the demands on roadway and transit facilities have stressed the infrastructure to the point that routine maintenance is insufficient to keep up with necessary repairs. As a result, there is a significant backlog of projects required to maintain the transportation system and assets in a state of good repair, including projects that address bridges, roadway pavement, transit rolling stock and infrastructure, and traffic and transit control equipment. In addition, parts of the transportation system may be compromised if climate change trends continue as projected.

System Preservation Needs Summary

The transportation system must be brought into a state of good repair, maintained at that level, and enhanced to ensure mobility, efficient movement of goods, and protection from potential sea level rise and storm-induced flooding. Financial constraints require the Boston Region MPO, MassDOT, and the region’s transit agencies to set priorities, considering the most crucial maintenance needs and the most effective ways to program their funding. At the same time, infrastructure that could be affected by climate change must be made more resilient.

The MPO’s understanding of system preservation and modernization needs are informed by various planning processes conducted by transportation agencies in the region. MassDOT has developed a Transportation Asset Management Plan (TAMP), a risk-based asset management plan for bridge and pavement assets on the National Highway System (NHS) in Massachusetts, which will help MassDOT plan to improve NHS asset condition and performance. Similarly, the transit agencies in the Boston region—the MBTA, MWRTA, and CATA—have produced Transit Asset Management (TAM) plans, which will help them prioritize investments to maintain state of good repair in transit vehicles, facilities, and other infrastructure. These agencies, along with the MPO, monitor changes in asset condition over time using federal established performance measures for NHS bridges, pavement, and transit assets.

The MBTA’s Strategic Plan and 25-year investment plan,Focus40, complement the asset management plans by specifying state of good repair and modernization programs and projects, both for individual MBTA services and the system as a whole. Likewise, MassDOT’s annual Capital Investment Plan development process places top priority on investments that support transportation state of good repair and reliability. In addition, the report recently released by the Commission on the Future of Transportation in the Commonwealth,Choices for Stewardship: Recommendations to Meet the Transportation Future, includes recommendations to modernize existing state and municipal transit and transportation assets to more effectively and sustainably move more people throughout the Commonwealth and make transportation infrastructure resilient to a changing climate. MassDOT and the MBTA track performance over time both through annual reporting conducted by the Commonwealth’s Performance and Asset Management Advisory Council and through MassDOT’s Tracker. 

To address identified needs, the MPO can invest its Regional Target dollars to and coordinate with its partners to support transportation infrastructure preservation and modernization. The MPO can use information from the aforementioned planning processes to consider and provide feedback on projects and programs that agencies bring forward for inclusion in the LRTP and TIP. The MPO may also choose to support some of these or other system preservation investments directly with its Regional Target funds. When spending its Regional Target funds, the MPO uses current system preservation-related TIP evaluation criteria to determine whether a project improves substandard pavement, bridges, sidewalks, signals or transit assets, or otherwise improves emergency response or the transportation system’s ability to respond to extreme conditions. The MPO may be able to use information from MassDOT and transit agency planning processes to supplement its existing project evaluation process.

Table 2-2 summarizes key findings regarding system preservation and modernization needs that MPO staff identified through data analysis and public input. It also includes staff recommendations for addressing each need.

Table 2-2
System Preservation and Modernization Needs in the Boston Region Identified through Data Analysis and Public Outreach and Recommendations to Address Needs

LRTP= Long-Range Transportation Plan. MassDOT= Massachusetts Department of Transportation. MBTA= Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. TAM = Transit Asset Management. UPWP = Unified Planning Work Program.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

Capacity Management and Mobility

Capacity Management and Mobility Issue Statement

The transportation system in the Boston region is, to a certain extent, increasingly stressed by the overall growth and success of the region’s economy. Congestion on the region’s roadways is reducing vehicular speeds, while the transit system is strained by high ridership and an aging infrastructure. Usage of the transportation network, both the roadway and transit systems, is projected to continue to increase more during the time period covered by the MPO’s LRTP, Destination 2040. In pursuit of the MPO’s core goals, the MPO and other stakeholders must find a way to manage the network’s capacity with limited capital funding to maximize mobility for all residents and users of the transportation network, including bicyclists and pedestrians.

Capacity Management and Mobility Needs Summary

One of the major challenges facing the MPO and other policymaking stakeholders and agencies is the preservation and enhancement of mobility options when economic growth and trip-making are concentrated in a limited geographic area. Economic growth in the Boston region outpaces that in the rest of the state, and growth in the Inner Core subregion is projected to continue at a faster rate than in the rest of the Boston region. The increase in the number of trips made in the Boston region is increasing congestion on a network that is either at capacity or nearing it. In an area where adding roadway capacity for vehicles is challenging, the MPO and other policymaking entities have the opportunity to work with municipalities to reallocate road space to accommodate all modes of travel. This finding has also been identified in the recently released MassDOT report, Congestion in the Commonwealth, Report to the Governor, 2019.

The regional transit system has also been stressed over the past several years, and continues to struggle by some measures. The MBTA has plans and capital projects underway to modernize and increase capacity on much of the rapid transit system. The MBTA recently conducted the Better Bus Project, which proposed changes to bus service based on research and partnerships with municipalities. This project and potential MPO and municipal projects and programs provide an opportunity to improve the reliability, capacity, and quality of the bus network with a relatively low capital expenditure. The MBTA has also launched the Rail Vision study to examine the future of the commuter rail network, a topic which MPO staff heard discussed many times during public outreach events.

Table 2-3 summarizes key findings regarding capacity management and mobility needs that MPO staff identified through data analysis and public input. It also includes staff recommendations for addressing each need.

Table 2-3
Capacity Management and Mobility Needs in the Boston Region Identified through Data Analysis and Public Outreach and Recommendations to Address Needs

FFY = federal fiscal year. LRTP = Long-Range Transportation Plan. MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. TDM = transportation demand management. TNC = transportation network company.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

Clean Air and Sustainable Communities

Clean Air and Sustainable Communities Issue Statement

The MPO acknowledges that greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) contribute to climate change. If climate trends continue as projected, the conditions in the Boston region will include a rise in sea level coupled with storm-induced flooding and warmer temperatures that would affect the region’s infrastructure, economy, human health, and natural resources.

The Commonwealth has made significant progress toward improving air quality in the region. The Boston Region MPO is meeting the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for ozone, particulate matter (PM), and carbon monoxide (CO). However, the MPO is required to continue monitoring its transportation activities to ensure that the region is continuing to meet the NAAQS, in particular, for ozone in the MPO area and CO for the City of Waltham. Continued vigilance is needed to keep emissions of these pollutants at acceptable levels. In addition, transportation infrastructure can negatively affect land use patterns and environmental resources. The MPO must continue to consult with the appropriate environmental agencies and neighboring planning partners as part of recently adopted congestion and air quality agreements (Boston UZA agreement and the Air Quality Memorandum of Understanding) regarding transportation initiatives.

Clean Air and Sustainable Communities Needs Summary

Clean Air and Sustainable Communities’ needs fall into three categories: reducing greenhouse gas and other transportation related emissions; minimizing the negative environmental impacts of the transportation system; and supporting land use policies consistent with smart, healthy, and resilient growth. 

The reduction of GHG emissions is a priority for the MPO, not only to help implement the Commonwealth’s Global Warming Solutions Act, but to help alleviate impacts from climate change including flooding, sea-level rise, and warmer temperatures. The MPO should continue to evaluate and monitor carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from projects and programs funded through the LRTP and TIP. The MPO monitors CO₂ because it is the most significant GHG in the atmosphere. The MPO uses information from the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources’ Green Communities program to evaluate projects and programs for the LRTP and TIP, and MAPC works with municipalities on their Local Energy Action, Net Zero Communities 101, Energy-Use Baselines, and GHG Inventories programs. Continued updates of the MPO’s Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) and Emission Browser and All-Hazards Planning Application can provide additional information to municipalities that are creating GHG baseline information and GHG inventories.

Although the Boston region is meeting the air quality standards for most air pollutants, it is important to ensure that transportation projects funded by the MPO continue to help to reduce VMT, which in turn will continue to reduce air pollution in the region. The MPO should continue to evaluate and monitor volatile organic compounds and nitrous oxides, which are precursors to ozone, PM, and CO emissions, from projects and programs funded through the LRTP and TIP. Updates to the MPO’s VMT and Emission Browser will allow municipalities to monitor their transportation-related emissions of these pollutants as well.

The MPO does not engage in environmental design, rather it relies on information from MassDOT, the MBTA, and other planning agencies when evaluating projects and programs to be funded in the LRTP and TIP. MassDOT and the MBTA take the lead on environmental reviews during project design, and MAPC provides comments on environmental documents for regionally significant projects. Other sources of information used by the MPO include Massachusetts Geographic Information System mapping, Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources’ Green Communities program, and MAPC’s stormwater management and hazard mitigation plans. The MPO should continue to coordinate with these agencies during its transportation planning activities.

Table 2-4 summarizes MPO staff-identified key findings about clean air and sustainable communities’ needs through data analysis and public input. It also includes staff recommendations for addressing each need.

Table 2-4
Clean Air and Sustainable Communities Needs in the Boston Region Identified through Data Analysis and Public Outreach and Recommendations to Address Needs

CO = carbon monoxide. CO₂ = carbon dioxide. GHG = greenhouse gas emission. GWSA = Global Warming Solutions Act. FFY = federal fiscal year. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. NOx = nitrogen oxides. PM = particulate matter. UPWP = Unified Planning Work Program. VMT = vehicle-miles traveled. VOC = volatile organic compound.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

Transportation Equity

Transportation Equity Issue Statement

More than three million people live in the Boston region, representing a broad range of ages, abilities, incomes, races, ethnicities, and nationalities. Not all residents benefit equally from transportation investments, and some have been traditionally underserved by transportation and underrepresented in the planning process. The Boston Region MPO considered the transportation needs of these underserved populations, referred to as transportation equity (TE) populations, in the development of this Needs Assessment.

Given the Boston region’s demographics and the changing nature of travel patterns (induced, in part, by emerging new technologies and increasing interest in transit and nonmotorized transportation options), sustaining a transportation network that serves all residents continues to present challenges. As a regional transportation planning agency, the MPO has an important role to play in addressing these challenges. This summary identifies the current transportation needs facing TE populations and will help the MPO better allocate limited resources to address the most significant needs.

Transportation Equity Needs Summary

Input from public outreach and results from data analyses show that TE needs coincide with needs identified in all of the MPO’s other goal areas. These needs include access to frequent, reliable public transit; more transit service to healthcare facilities; additional first- and last-mile connections to and from rail stations; more complete bicycle and pedestrian networks; safe bicycle and pedestrian transportation routes away from congested roadways in communities with high shares of TE populations; transit service during off-peak hours and for reverse commutes; transit service between suburbs, especially to and from job centers; bicycle routes to and from employment centers; bicycle facilities, sidewalks, and street crossings that are safe for children and elderly adults; and more sidewalks that are in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Outside of the existing goal areas, there is also a need to improve coordination across agency and political boundaries as many commenters said that poorly coordinated schedules and services can lead to long trips. 

Table 2-5 provides more detail about the needs of TE populations, which were identified through public outreach and data analysis. It also includes staff recommendations for addressing each need.

Table 2-5
Transportation Equity Needs in the Boston Region Identified through Data Analysis and Public Outreach and Recommendations to Address Needs

a Although this issue does not directly relate to the MPO’s goal areas, this topic was voiced during public outreach.
ADA = Americans with Disabilities Act. MAPC = Metropolitan Area Planning Council. MBTA = MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. TE = transportation equity. UPWP = Unified Planning Work Program.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

Economic Vitality

Economic Vitality Issue Statement

Transportation is a key factor in the region’s economic vitality. The transportation system makes economic activity possible by enabling the transport of goods and the delivery of services. The transportation sector also serves as a major economic engine itself—households, businesses, and government agencies directly consume transportation goods (for example, vehicles and motor fuel) and services (for example, public transit) to meet their travel needs.

Economic vitality issues related to the MPO’s long-range transportation planning include land use and freight travel. Land use planning (including development of residential, commercial, and industrial areas) needs to be coordinated with investments in transportation improvements and expansion of transportation options. The locations of different land uses, as well as patterns of regional development, impact housing costs, mobility, and commute times. The region’s economic health and growth potential is also influenced by freight movement in terms of goods and services reaching businesses and consumers. Overlaying these core issues are factors of congestion, both on roadways and transit, as well as access to housing, jobs, and transportation options.

Economic Vitality Needs Summary

Economic vitality needs addressed in the LRTP fall into two main categories, land use and freight movement. These categories influence and are influenced by interrelated transportation issues in the Boston region including housing costs, roadway and transit congestion, and access to housing, commercial, business, and transportation/mobility options.

The ultimate goal of regional planning is to coordinate investments in housing and employment centers with investments in transportation infrastructure. This approach of linking land use and transportation can have the dual effect of guiding growth towards identified priority development areas and away from high quality natural preservation areas. In addition, making coordinated investments in affordable housing and transit infrastructure is key to responding to the needs of the workforce population. Traffic congestion, including time-consuming commutes and longer truck freight travel times, can contribute to slowing economic growth and a less competitive regional economy.

As indicated by data analysis and public outreach conducted during the development of the Needs Assessment for the LRTP, Destination 2040, new infrastructure and upgrades to traffic and transit operations are needed to improve access to jobs and services. These include additional park-and-ride spaces, reverse-commute and off-peak services, and coordination among Regional Transit Authorities. Regarding freight transport, there must be convenient access to the regional express highway system from warehouses and distribution centers. In addition, conflicts between automobiles (including Transportation Network Companies drop-offs and pick-ups), bicycles, and delivery trucks competing for curb space in urban areas need to be addressed. Economic growth in the Boston region outpaces that in the rest of the state, and growth in the Inner Core subregion is projected to continue at a faster rate than in the rest of the Boston region. This growth is adding to an increase in the number of trips made in the region and increasing congestion on a network that is either at capacity or nearing it. Congestion reduction on expressways, interchanges, and arterials is needed to facilitate the movement of people and freight to ensure that the transportation network continues to provide a strong foundation for the economy.

Table 2-6 summarizes key findings about economic vitality needs that MPO staff identified through data analysis and public input. It also includes staff recommendations for addressing each need.

Table 2-6
Economic Vitality Needs in the Boston Region Identified through Data Analysis and Public Outreach and Recommendations to Address Needs

MAPC = Metropolitan Area Planning Council. RTA = regional transit authority. UPWP = Unified Planning Work Program.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

Conclusion

The Boston region has extensive transportation maintenance and modernization needs, and transportation planners must continue to address safety and mobility for all modes and all people. Each of the MPO’s goal areas and the corresponding performance of the transportation system are defined by deficits that the MPO will need to confront in its multimodal approach to meeting the region’s needs through 2040. MPO staff estimate that addressing these needs will likely exceed anticipated financial resources between now and 2040. Therefore, the MPO will face difficult decisions as it prioritizes how to allocate resources and guide transportation investment decisions throughout this LRTP’s timeframe.

The identification of transportation needs and the recommendations to address those needs guided the MPO board members in their selection of projects and programs. More information on the projects and programs selected for Destination 2040 can be found in Chapter 4 of this document. More detailed information on the recommendations can be found in Chapter 10 of the Needs Assessment document.

Back to top

Chapter 3 – Funding the Transportation Network  

Overview

To address the needs of the Boston region’s transportation system, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) and its partner transportation agencies anticipate the resources that will be available for transportation capital investment, maintenance, and operations. In addition, these agencies seem to understand expected project costs and how they may change over time, including through inflation. This chapter describes funding sources that will support the portions of the Boston region transportation system over which the MPO has some programming jurisdiction: the roadway and transit networks. It also discusses projected capital, operations, and maintenance revenues and spending for these.

The Boston Region MPO estimates future revenues and costs for its investments because it is required by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) to develop long-range transportation plans (LRTPs) that are fiscally constrained. This practice is intended to ensure that long-range plans are based on a “reasonable expectation of sufficient revenues to support the costs of maintaining the existing metropolitan area transportation system and any planned expansion of that transportation system over at least a 20-year time frame.”^3-1

The Boston Region MPO has discretion to program approximately $2.9 billion between federal fiscal years (FFY) 2020 and 2040, and the dollars that it allocates to Major Infrastructure projects and other investment programs must remain within that limit.^3-2 Destination 2040 and its short-term implementation plan, the MPO’s Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), must include sufficient information to demonstrate that prjects selected by the MPO can be implemented “using committed, available, or reasonably available Federal, State, local and private revenues, with the assurance that the federally supported transportation system is being adequately operated and maintained.”^3-3 The details of the Boston Region MPO’s recommended projects and investment programs for Destination 2040 are included in Chapter 4; however, this chapter describes how these projects and programs fit within the MPO’s available discretionary funding.

The MPO’s discretionary, or Regional Target, dollars are also only a portion of (1) the dollars available to support the region’s transportation system, and (2) the dollars needed to meet anticipated transportation needs. By describing the projected revenues for the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), the Cape Ann Transportation Authority (CATA), and the MetroWest Regional Transit Authority (MWRTA), and how those agencies plan to spend them, the MPO aims to provide a more comprehensive financial outlook for the region.

Highway System Funding

Highway System Funding Sources

Investments in the region’s highway system are funded with dollars approved by Congress and distributed through federal-aid highway programs; state funds approved by the Massachusetts Legislature; and local and other sources. This section provides information on funding sources for the region’s highway system, including amounts of funds that the MPO expects to be available over Destination 2040’s 20-year planning horizon. It also describes planned MassDOT and MPO programming to improve the highway system and MassDOT resources to maintain it.

Federal Aid

Federal funds support construction and rehabilitation of highways and bridges on federal-aid eligible routes (as determined by the roadway’s functional classification). They also support projects and programs that address particular focus areas, such as improving safety or air quality, building bicycle and pedestrian networks, or maintaining the Interstate Highway System. Congress has established various funding programs for appropriating federal funds to these key focus areas, which are discussed later in this chapter.

Federal highway funds for states are typically authorized by Congress through a multiyear act. The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act is the active legislation that supports funding for transportation infrastructure. It authorized $226.3 billion in budget authority for federal-aid highway programs over a five-year period, beginning in FFY 2016 and ending in FFY 2020.^3-4 The FAST Act authorizes a single amount for each year for all federal highway funding programs combined. The US Department of Transportation (USDOT) then apportions that amount to the states based on formulas specified in federal law.^3-5 Each year, a state may use its apportionment only up to a ceiling referred to as the obligation authority, a limit set by Congress to control federal expenditures. The obligation authority represents the federal government’s commitment to reimburse the state for eligible expenditures on approved projects.

A state must obligate its apportionment of funds, up to its obligation authority limit, to specific transportation projects and programs before the close of the federal fiscal year, September 30. In August, FHWA follows a process established by Congress to redistribute obligation limitations to states that can obligate more than their initial share by the year-end deadline.^3-6 In recent years, this process, which is referred to as August redistribution, has granted the Commonwealth the ability to obligate more funds than its initial limit when other states were not anticipated to reach their obligation limits. However, the Commonwealth, like other states, also has been subject to rescissions, when the federal government rescinded the unused balances of previously authorized funds.

FHWA will reimburse states for costs associated with federal-aid eligible projects out of the Highway Trust Fund (HTF). The primary source of revenue for the HTF is the federal tax on motor fuels (approximately 85 to 90 percent of all revenue); additional revenue comes from other transportation related fees and interest on trust fund reserves.^3-7

In recent years, the HTF has been at risk of insolvency, in part because its revenues are heavily dependent on fuel taxes. As vehicles have become more fuel efficient and growth in vehicle-miles traveled has slowed, this revenue source has become less robust.^3-8 Beginning in 2008, Congress passed laws that have transferred funds from other federal sources into the HTF, and 2018 Congressional Budget Office estimates indicate that the HTF may again be insufficient relative to spending following the expiration of the FAST Act.^3-9 Several HTF-related legal authorities are set to expire in 2022 and 2023, and will need to be revisited; these authorities impose the taxes and fees that support the HTF, make it possible to place those revenues into the HTF, and allow the expenditure of HTF revenues on federal aid highway projects.^3-10 During the life of Destination 2040, a key challenge will be to ensure a stable source of federal funding for surface transportation.

State Aid

Revenues for the region’s highway system are also generated at the state level. The Massachusetts Legislature authorizes the issuance of bonds for transportation expenditures through passage of transportation bond bills. This allows the Commonwealth to provide matching funds to federal-aid projects, to pay for fully state-funded (nonfederal aid) projects, and to offer support to municipalities through local-aid programs such as Chapter 90 (discussed later under Local Priorities).

The two main types of bonds the Commonwealth issues are (1) General Obligation bonds, which are backed by the full taxing authority of the Commonwealth, and (2) Special Obligation Bonds, which are backed primarily by gas taxes and fees from the Registry of Motor Vehicles. The funds generated by taxes and fees are deposited in the Commonwealth Transportation fund and are used to pay debt service on the bonds and to fund MassDOT, the MBTA, and other regional transit authorities (RTAs) in the Commonwealth.

The Commonwealth supports other infrastructure improvements in the region using revenue collected from three tolled facilities: the Western Turnpike, the Metropolitan Highway System (MHS), and the Tobin Bridge. The projected annual net revenues on each of the toll facilities (after operating expenses and debt service payments [MHS only]) are available for capital projects as pay-go capital funds. The term pay-go is short for Pay As You Go, which refers to the practice of financing projects with funds that are currently available, rather than borrowed.

Other Funding Sources

In past federal transportation funding acts, Congressional earmarks in federal transportation bills often provide full funding for specific projects. This practice ended in Congress prior to the FAST Act; however, some earmarks are still available for certain designated investments. In addition, with federal approval, MassDOT can access funding from the Central Artery Project Repair and Maintenance Trust Fund to address eligible MHS projects. Funding for transportation projects, including matching funds, may also be provided by municipalities or private institutions. For example, MassDOT is exploring the use of public-private partnerships as a financing mechanism for transportation. 

Highway System Spending

While the previous section outlined the sources of funding for transportation projects, this section describes how the Commonwealth and regional and local governments plan to spend these funds, along with more detailed estimates of available funding.

MassDOT is the recipient of federal highway aid to the Commonwealth. Between FFYs 2020 and 2040, MassDOT and the Boston Region MPO estimate that Massachusetts will receive approximately $17.7 billion from the federal government to invest in the state’s highway system. This total reflects annual estimates that account for both anticipated Massachusetts apportionments and additional obligation ability that MassDOT expects the federal government will redistribute from other states to the Commonwealth through the August redistribution process. 

These projections assume that Congress will enact a future transportation authorization act that will provide similar funding to the FAST Act (after the Act expires on September 30, 2020), and that the Highway Trust Fund will be sufficient to provide reimbursements for state transportation spending. To create this $17.7 billion dollar estimate, MassDOT developed near-term funding estimates for the first five-year period in the LRTP, FFYs 2020 to 2024. Between FFYs 2020 and 2024, the annual percentage change in the Massachusetts apportionment ranges from approximately 1.9 percent to 2.7 percent. Federal agencies advised MassDOT and the MPO to assume that federal apportionments to Massachusetts will increase by 2.2 percent each year starting in FFY 2025 and extending through FFY 2040. This growth factor is based on an analysis of actual federal funding allocations to the Commonwealth in recent years. They also assume that Massachusetts will receive a consistent level of redistributed obligation limitation from FHWA, which is estimated at $50 million per year, over the life of the LRTP.

When MassDOT allocates its apportionment of federal dollars for the highway system, it first deducts the Commonwealth’s debt service payments owed to the federal government. It then allocates the remaining federal funds, which are matched with state funds, to statewide road and bridge programs for projects prioritized by MassDOT, and to the MPOs in the Commonwealth for projects prioritized by these regional bodies. The sections that follow provide additional detail about each stage of this funding distribution process.

Debt Service Payments

In recent years, the Commonwealth has used a highway project financing mechanism known as grant anticipation notes (GANs) to pay for major highway projects. GANs are bonds issued by the state that are secured by anticipated, future federal highway funds. In the late 1990s, the Commonwealth issued $1.5 billion in GANs to finance construction of a portion of the Central Artery/Ted Williams Tunnel Project. The majority of the project was completed in 2006. The Commonwealth made its final payment on this debt in 2014.

While the Central Artery/Tunnel repayments were winding down, the Commonwealth issued GANs again in 2010 for the Accelerated Bridge Program. This followed the passage in 2008 of the Accelerated Bridge Program Act, which authorized issuance of as much as $1.108 billion in GANs and $1.876 billion in Commonwealth special obligation bonds. As of September 2018, the Accelerated Bridge Program advertised 200 construction contracts with a combined budget of $2.43 billion. Of the 200 bridge projects included in the program, 191 are complete, and seven projects are still under construction.^3-11 Over the course of the program, more than 270 bridges will be rehabilitated or replaced, with many more improved for safety and preserved in ways that will extend their lifecycles.

The debt that the Commonwealth has incurred for the accelerated bridge program will continue into the period covered by Destination 2040. The GANs for the Accelerated Bridge Program began to mature in state fiscal year (SFY) 2015 and are anticipated to continue to mature until SFY 2028. The total repayment amounts over the life of Destination 2040 are $834.1 million. These debt payments are estimated to consume approximately $81.6 million (12.1 percent of available federal funding) in FFY 2020 and peak at $108.8 million (14.1 percent of available federal funding) in FFY 2026. Debt payments will be $86.3 million per year in FFY 2027 and 2028.

Regional Priorities

Available Funding

After MassDOT has allocated funding to GANs repayments, it designates the remainder for spending on state and regional (MPO) priorities. These remaining federal dollars, which come through several FHWA funding programs established in the FAST Act, must be matched in some portion by state or local dollars, as dictated by the funding split formula of each particular program. Federal funds usually cover 80 percent of a project’s cost, and the state or local government covers 20 percent. Some federal programs offer a 90 percent federal share or full funding. MassDOT customarily provides the local match (which can also be provided by other entities).

States and MPOs must consider the eligibility requirements of federal-aid highway programs when spending money on projects and programs. Table 3-1 lists FHWA programs that generally supply funding to MassDOT and the Commonwealth’s MPOs.

Table 3-1
Federal Highway Administration Programs Applicable to MassDOT and
Massachusetts MPOs

FHWA = Federal Highway Administration. MassDOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Source: Federal Highway Administration.

In regions with metropolitan areas that have populations greater than 50,000, transportation projects or programs to receive federal aid must be programmed through the MPO certification process. MassDOT takes approximately one-third of its remaining federal- and state-matched funding and allocates it to the Commonwealth’s MPOs. The distribution of this MPO funding, which is also referred to as Regional Target funds, is determined by a formula established by the Massachusetts Association of Regional Planning Agencies (MARPA), which factors in each region’s share of the state population. This formula was last updated in 1991. Of the 10 MPOs and three transportation planning organizations in the Commonwealth, the Boston Region MPO receives the largest portion (approximately 43 percent) of funding through this formula-based distribution because of its large population. Again, these funds must be programmed in the TIP and State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) before construction can be authorized using federal-aid funds. The STIP describes the federal-aid funded projects to be implemented statewide over a five-year period.

Figure 3-1 displays the distribution of federal funds that Massachusetts expects to receive between FFY 2020 and FFY 2040 across four categories: GANs payments, Boston Region MPO Regional Target funding, other Massachusetts MPO Regional Target funding, and funding for MassDOT’s statewide programs.

Figure 3-1
Federal Highway Funding for Massachusetts, FFYs 2020–40

Note: The GANs Repayment dollar values include federal funds only. All other categories include state matching funds.
GANs = grant anticipation notes. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Sources: Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Boston Region MPO.

Table 3-2 and Figure 3-2 summarize the funding in each category by Destination 2040 time band.

Table 3-2
Federal Highway Funding for Massachusetts by Destination 2040 Time Band

Note: Dollar values are shown in millions. Totals may not match the sums of values due to rounding.
^a The GANs Repayment dollar values include federal funds only. All other categories include state matching funds.
FFYs = federal fiscal years. GANs = grant anticipation notes. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Sources: Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Boston Region MPO.

Figure 3-2
Federal Highway Funding for Massachusetts by Destination 2040 Time Band

Note: The GANs Repayment dollar values include federal funds only. All other categories include state matching funds.
GANs = grant anticipation notes. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Sources: Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Boston Region MPO.

Boston Region MPO LRTP Programming

Each MPO in the state can decide how to prioritize its Regional Target funding, and the MPO engages its 97 cities and towns in this decision making when developing its LRTP every four years, and when developing its TIP each year. Given that the Regional Target funding originates from the Federal-Aid Highway Program, the Boston Region MPO board typically programs the majority of its Regional Target funding on roadway projects; however, the MPO board has flexed portions of its Regional Target funding to transit projects, such as when the MPO board gave its support to the Green Line Extension transit expansion project.

As mentioned previously, the MPO expects to receive approximately $2.9 billion in Regional Target funds (federal dollars plus a state match) to spend on transportation projects in the region between FFYs 2020 and 2040. This estimate is based in part on MassDOT’s and the MPO’s assumption that federal appropriations to Massachusetts will increase by 2.2 percent per year starting in FFY 2025. This annual revenue increase is greater than the 1.5 percent annual increase that the MPO anticipated for the outer years of its previous LRTP, Charting Progress to 2040.

MPOs must document selected projects and programs in ways that comply with federal requirements before construction can be authorized with federal aid funds. When the Boston Region MPO develops its LRTP, which has a horizon of 20 years or longer, it must list, describe, and provide cost estimates for projects that are regionally significant. The MPO defines regionally significant projects, which it also refers to as major infrastructure projects, as those that would add capacity to the transportation system or that cost more than $20 million, regardless of whether they are funded with federal-aid funding or nonfederal-aid sources.

A challenge for both MPOs and MassDOT when selecting projects and programs to fund is that project costs are expected to inflate by 4 percent per year over the life of Destination 2040, while federal revenues are only expected to increase by 2.2 percent per year. If these projections hold true, the MPO expects project cost growth will outpace funding growth, which will result in diminished buying power in future years. For example, a project costing $10 million if constructed in FFY 2025 would cost increasingly more if programmed in the outer years of the LRTP. To deliver the same project in FFY 2040, the cost would be $18 million, while the available revenues for that project would have increased by only $4.1 million, as shown in Figure 3-3.

Figure 3-3
Anticipated Project Cost Growth versus Funding Growth, FFYs 2025-40

FFY = Federal Fiscal Year. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

The MPO considers these anticipated project cost growth rates as well as projected revenues when it selects transportation projects for its LRTP; this helps the MPO ensure that it meets the fiscal constraint requirements mentioned at the beginning of this chapter. Table 3-3 lists the regionally significant projects and investment program allocations that the MPO has included in Destination 2040. More information about these projects and programs—as well as projects being funded with non-Regional Target sources—is included in Chapter 4.

Table 3-3
Costs and Funding for MPO-Programmed Projects and Programs in the Recommended Destination 2040 LRTP

^a Current cost estimates have been inflated to reflect their programmed years. More information is available in Chapter 4.
^b A portion of the total funding for these projects was provided prior to FFY 2020. In FFY 2019, the MPO allocated funding to the Highland Avenue/Needham Street Project in Needham and Newton. Between FFYs 2016 and 2019, the MPO allocated funding to the Green Line Extension project.
FFY = Federal Fiscal Year. LRTP = Long-Range Transportation Plan. n/a = not applicable. MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

The projects and programs outlined in Table 3-3 set the long-term framework for the short-term funding decisions that the MPO makes annually when developing its rolling five-year TIP. Projects that are scheduled to be implemented in that five-year period, regardless of cost or regional impact, must be documented in the TIP. When making decisions about the TIP each year, the MPO accounts for the timing of regionally significant projects and considers how other candidate projects may fit into its investment programs. Each year, the TIPs from all the MPOs in a state are combined to form the STIP.

In addition to documenting federally funded projects for which the state has obligation authority, the TIP and STIP also document projects that would be funded using the Advance Construction financing method. In these cases, a state may receive approval from FHWA to begin a project before the state has received the necessary obligation authority. This pre-qualification allows a project to move forward initially with state funding, and to request federal reimbursements later.

State Priorities

The Boston Region MPO’s investments in the transit system are complemented by the Commonwealth’s roadway investment priorities, as programmed by MassDOT. This section describes state priorities, which play a primary role in addressing the operations and infrastructure maintenance needs of the highway system in the Boston Region.

MassDOT’s rolling five-year Capital Investment Plan (CIP) directs how MassDOT’s component divisions, such as its Highway Division, its Transit Division, and the MBTA, prioritize capital improvements for Massachusetts’ transportation system. The CIP process uses a framework that prioritizes funding according to MassDOT’s strategic goals (listed in descending order of priority):

• Reliability Investments: These investments are oriented toward maintaining and improving the overall condition and reliability of the transportation system. They include capital maintenance projects, state-of-good-repair projects, and other asset management and system preservation projects.
• Modernization Investments: These are investments that enhance the transportation system to make it safer and more accessible and to accommodate growth. These projects address compliance with federal mandates or other statutory requirements for safety and/or accessibility improvements; exceed state-of-good-repair thresholds to substantially modernize existing assets; and provide expanded capacity to accommodate current or anticipated demand on transportation systems.
• Expansion Investments: These are investments that provide more diverse transportation options for communities throughout the Commonwealth. They expand highway, transit, and rail networks and/or services, or they expand bicycle and pedestrian networks to provide more transportation options and address health and sustainability objectives.

MassDOT creates investment programs for the CIP that relate to these strategic goals, and it allocates funding to these goals and programs in ways that emphasize their priority. MassDOT’s operations and maintenance investments are funded through these programs, which are referenced in the sections that follow. MassDOT’s decision making about how to manage its assets via these programs is shaped by an array of asset management tools and systems. One important tool in this set is MassDOT’s Transportation Asset Management Plan for National Highway System (NHS) assets in Massachusetts. This plan provides an inventory and assessment of bridge and pavement assets, identifies performance gaps, discusses the results of life cycle cost and risk management analyses, and describes investment strategies and a financial plan MassDOT will follow to improve the system. 

Bridges

MassDOT is responsible for prioritizing bridge projects statewide. In addition to the Accelerated Bridge Program, bridge preservation and maintenance projects are funded through the Statewide Bridge Program, one of MassDOT’s reliability-oriented capital programs. Funding for this program comes from two of the federal-aid highway programs mentioned in Table 3-1: the National Highway Performance Program (NHPP) and the Surface Transportation Block Grant (STBG) Program. The NHPP funds bridges that are on the federal-aid system, while the STBG Program funds bridges on public roads that are not on the federal-aid system. Projects funded through the statewide bridge program typically receive 80 percent federal funding with a 20 percent nonfederal match. When programming funding toward bridge improvements, MassDOT programs federally required minimum amounts of NHPP funds to address NHS bridge performance needs. 

The portion of total statewide federal dollars (including match funding) dedicated to the statewide bridge program each year ranges between 35 and 39 percent between FFY 2020 and FFY 2024. From FFY 2025 through 2040, it comprises approximately 37 percent of statewide federal dollars and match funding each year. Between FFY 2020 and 2040, MassDOT expects to dedicate $5.33 billion to the statewide bridge program. MassDOT’s federal-aid bridge project programming decisions are based on data from asset management systems and condition-based criteria; they are not shaped by region-level allocations. As a result, federal bridge funding projections specific to the Boston region between FFYs 2020 and 2040 are not included in this chapter.

MassDOT also estimates that the Commonwealth will make an additional $2.18 billion in nonfederal aid available for NHS bridge maintenance and improvement and NHS roadway preservation between FFYs 2020 and 2040. MassDOT used the MARPA formula to estimate the portion of funds that will be spent in each regional planning area in Massachusetts, however, the actual expenditure of funds in each region will be informed by MassDOT's asset management systems. The Boston Region MPO expects that MassDOT will allocate approximately 43 percent of the funding to the region in accordance with that formula, which amounts to $935 million for the life of the LRTP, and a portion of those funds will be spent to improve bridges.

Interstate Maintenance and Pavement Management

MassDOT’s Interstate and non-Interstate (MassDOT-owned) pavement programs also support its Reliability strategic goal area. The federal funding source for these programs is the NHPP.

Between FFYs 2020 and 2040, MassDOT expects to make $933 million in federal dollars (including local match funds) available for interstate pavement maintenance throughout Massachusetts. The portion of total statewide federal dollars (including match funding) dedicated to statewide interstate maintenance each year ranges between 5 and 8 percent between FFY 2020 and FFY 2024. From FFY 2025 through 2040, it comprises approximately 7 percent of statewide federal dollars and match funding each year.

Approximately 38 percent of the interstate lane miles in the Commonwealth are in the Boston MPO region, thus the MPO expects to receive that proportion of statewide interstate maintenance funds for the life of the LRTP, amounting to $352 million.

Meanwhile, MassDOT expects to make approximately $2.02 billion in federal dollars (including local match funds) available for interstate pavement maintenance throughout the state between FFYs 2020 and 2040. The portion of total statewide federal dollars (including match funding) dedicated to the non-interstate MassDOT-owned roadway network each year ranges between 12 and 16 percent between FFY 2020 and FFY 2024. From FFY 2025 through 2040, it comprises approximately 14 percent of statewide federal dollars and match funding each year.

In addition to its Interstate lane mileage, the Boston Region MPO contains nearly 34 percent of the lane miles of non-interstate highways that are eligible to receive funding through the non-interstate DOT pavement program. As a result, the MPO expects to receive 34 percent of this statewide funding for other highway preservation projects, which will amount to $698 million during the life of the LRTP.

In addition, as mentioned above, MassDOT also estimates that the Commonwealth will make an additional $2.18 billion in nonfederal aid available for NHS bridge maintenance and improvement and NHS roadway preservation between FFYs 2020 and 2040. The MPO expects that MassDOT will spend $935 million (43 percent) in the region during that timeframe, and that a portion of that funding will be spent to address pavement preservation needs.

Other Statewide Programs Addressing Transportation Needs

MassDOT’s CIP framework includes additional programs that meet statewide transportation needs, including other aspects of maintaining and operating the roadway network.

• Reliability Programs: In addition to the statewide bridge, interstate pavement, and non-interstate DOT pavement programs mentioned above, MassDOT’s reliability-oriented programs include the Roadway Improvements Program, which addresses preventative maintenance needs on non-interstate state-owned roadways, along with federally funded stormwater retrofit projects. This category also includes the Safety Improvements Program, which addresses signal, signage, lighting, and other safety improvements, and the Tunnels Program, which improves tunnel systems and infrastructure. 
• Modernization Programs: Programs in this category include:
• The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Retrofit Program, which improves the condition and accessibility of state-owned sidewalks;
• The Complete Streets Program, which provides technical assistance and project funding to municipalities implementing Complete Streets policies;
• The Intelligent Transportation Program, which supports innovative and new communication and technology systems on the roadway network;
• The Intersection Improvements Program, which improves traffic signals and intersection features to meet safety and other needs; and
• The Roadway Reconstruction Program, which improves roadway condition and bicycle and pedestrian facilities.
• Expansion Programs: Major programs in this category include the Capacity Program, which adds new roadways, connections or lanes to the state’s roadway network, and the Shared-Use Path Program, which constructs bicycle and/or pedestrian paths that are separate from roadways. 

Regionally significant projects funded by the Commonwealth may be partially or wholly paid for via these programs.

These statewide programs are supported by a range of funding sources discussed in Table 3-1, including, but not limited to, the federal Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ), the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP), and Transportation Alternatives Program (TAP). CMAQ supports transportation projects that reduce traffic congestion and thereby improve air quality. HSIP funding is used to reduce the number and severity of crashes at locations identified as particularly hazardous based on crash reports on file at the Registry of Motor Vehicles. In addition, TAP funding supports projects such as transportation enhancement, multiuse trails, and projects that create safe routes for children to access schools.

MassDOT expects to spend approximately $6 billion in federal and statewide match funding on these other statewide programs between FFY 2020 to 2040.

The portion of total statewide federal dollars (including match funding) dedicated to the non-interstate DOT each year ranges between 36 and 47 percent between FFY 2020 and FFY 2024. From FFY 2025 through 2040, it comprises approximately 42 percent of statewide federal dollars and match funding each year. MassDOT projected each region’s share of this funding using the MARPA formula. As the most populous region of the Commonwealth, the Boston Region is expected to receive the largest share of funding for other statewide programs: approximately 43 percent, which equals $2.58 billion.

Table 3-4 summarizes the funding MassDOT expects to have available in each of its statewide priority areas: Interstate maintenance, non-Interstate MassDOT-owned pavement management, statewide bridges, and nonfederal-aid NHS bridge and pavement preservation, and through other statewide transportation programs. This information is organized by Destination 2040 time band.

Table 3-4
Projected Funding for Statewide Priority Areas

Note: Dollar values are shown in millions. Totals may not match the sums of values due to rounding.
DOT = Department of Transportation. FFYs = federal fiscal years. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization NHS = National Highway System.
Sources: Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Boston Region MPO.

Table 3-5 summarizes the funding the Boston Region expects to receive for interstate maintenance, non-Interstate DOT pavement management, and nonfederal-aid bridge preservation and through other statewide transportation programs by Destination 2040
time band.

Table 3-5
Estimates of Projected Funding for Statewide Roadway Investments in the Boston Region MPO Area

Note: Dollar values are shown in millions. Totals may not match the sums of values due to rounding. This table excludes funding through the statewide federal-aid bridge program, as specific projections are not available for the Boston region.
DOT = Department of Transportation. FFYs = federal fiscal years. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Sources: Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Boston Region MPO.

The Commonwealth will also support maintenance and operations needs on the region’s transportation system using revenue collected from its tolled facilities, including the Western Turnpike, MHS, and the Tobin Bridge. In its SFY 2020–24 CIP, MassDOT notes that over the next five years, it expects to spend $423.4 million on the MHS, $558.6 million on the Western Turnpike, and $103 million on the Tobin Bridge. As mentioned in the Highway System Funding Sources section above, these would be pay-go funds. In addition, according to the SFYs 2020–24 CIP, MassDOT expects to spend $223.4 million in funds from the Central Artery Project Repair and Maintenance Trust Fund.

Local Priorities

Several Commonwealth programs are geared towards providing funding to address municipal-level transportation priorities. The largest of these is the Chapter 90 program, which reimburses municipalities for spending on local roadway and bridge projects. The Massachusetts Legislature establishes Chapter 90 funding on an annual basis; according to the SFYs 2020–24 CIP, MassDOT estimates that the Commonwealth will spend approximately $200 million in Chapter 90 funds statewide each year during that five-year period. Funding is allocated to municipalities based on a legislatively established formula. Municipalities have the discretion to select their projects, which may include maintenance of municipal roadways, sidewalk improvements, right-of-way acquisition, landscaping, drainage improvements, street lighting, and upgrades to traffic control devices. The Commonwealth’s SFY 2020 apportionment of Chapter 90 funds to Boston Region municipalities is $79.6 million.

Other programs that support local priorities include the Commonwealth’s Complete Streets program, which is distinct from the MPO’s Complete Streets Investment program. This Commonwealth program, which was referenced in the State Priorities section, provides funding and technical assistance to communities that “demonstrate a commitment to providing safe and accessible options for all modes of travel.”^3-12 As noted in its SFY 2020–24 CIP, MassDOT expects to spend $40.5 million through this program over the five-year period. In addition, the Commonwealth’s Municipal Small Bridge program assists municipalities by providing repair or replacement funding for town-owned bridges that are shorter than 20 feet long and are therefore not eligible for federal bridge funding. MassDOT’s SFY 2020–24 CIP assumes that it will spend $56.2 million through this program over the next five years.

Additional funding for transportation may be available to municipalities from sources beyond MassDOT. For example, according to the Commonwealth’s statute, the Transportation Network Company (TNC) Division of the Department of Public Utilities must collect a $0.20 per-ride assessment on all TNC rides originating in the Commonwealth. In 2017, half of the total $12.8 million assessment was distributed to MassDevelopment, the Commonwealth’s economic development and finance agency, and to the Commonwealth’s Transportation fund. The other half was distributed to Massachusetts cities and towns based on the number of TNC rides that originated in each municipality. In 2017, the 97 municipalities in the Boston region received $5.9 million from this assessment, which was allocated to projects such as roadway and sidewalk improvements and shuttle services. In addition, the MassWorks Infrastructure Program, which is administered by the Commonwealth’s Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development, provides capital funds to municipalities and other eligible public entities for infrastructure projects that support and accelerate housing production, spur private development, and create jobs throughout Massachusetts. In 2018, seven Boston Region municipalities—Ashland, Boston, Bolton, Gloucester, Hudson, Sharon, and Weymouth—received MassWorks funding for projects with transportation components.

Transit System Funding

Transit systems require funding for capital improvements, to operate service, and to conduct maintenance to provide safe aqnd reliable transit service. This section of Destination 2040 reports on funding for the three transit providers that receive federal funds in the Boston region on an ongoing basis: the MBTA, CATA, and MWRTA. These three agencies report their federally funded investments in the Boston Region MPO’s LRTP and TIP. This section also provides information on MassDOT-managed statewide-grant funding (partially funded with federal dollars) that a variety of transit providers in the region can access to improve their systems. Finally, this section provides information on funding resources and expected costs associated with operating and maintaining the MBTA’s, CATA’s, and MWRTA’s transit systems

.

Transit Capital Funding Sources

Federal Aid

Congress has authorized federal aid for transit programs through the FAST Act until September 30, 2020. Approximately 80 percent of federal funding for public transportation in the United States comes from the Mass Transit Account of the HTF (described in the Highway System Funding Sources section of this chapter), while the remainder comes from the general fund of the US Treasury.^3-13 Like federal funding for highways, federal funding for transit is dependent on (1) Congress passing another transportation authorization act once the FAST Act expires, and (2) the availability of resources from the HTF. In addition, as with federal highway funding, federal transit dollars are subject to obligation authority limits.

FTA provides funding for transit through both formula-based programs and non-formula grants. Formula-based aid is allocated to urbanized areas (UZAs), which are areas defined by the US Census that have populations of 50,000 or more. MassDOT receives federal aid for the Boston UZA and allocates it to transit agencies within the UZA based on a negotiated split agreement. Transit agencies can also access federal funds by applying to FTA non-formula, or discretionary grant, programs. Transit agencies may also be eligible to apply to discretionary grant programs administered by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and USDOT; examples of these programs include the Better Utilizing Investments to Leverage Development, also known as BUILD, and the Infrastructure for Rebuilding America, also known as INFRA, programs. Federal funds provided to transit agencies must be matched by funds from state, local, or other sources; these match requirements vary by program.

Table 3-6 describes FTA and FRA programs that have provided funds to the Boston region’s transit systems in recent years.

Table 3-6
Federal Transit Administration and Federal Railroad Administration Programs Applicable to Transit Providers in the Boston Region

^a Positive train control systems are advanced systems designed to stop a train automatically before certain accidents occur.
FRA = Federal Railroad Administration. FTA = Federal Transit Administration. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Source: FTA, FRA, and the Boston Region MPO.

Federal Funding for the MBTA

The MBTA receives formula funding from the Urbanized Area Formula Grants program (Section 5307), the State of Good Repair program (Section 5337), and the Bus and Bus Facilities program (Section 5339) as described in Table 3-7. The MBTA, which has the largest transit service and asset portfolio of the transit agencies in the Boston region, is the recipient of the preponderance of federal transit funds that come to the region via these programs.

As with the federal sources of highway funding, MassDOT developed estimates of FTA formula funds expected to be available for transit agencies throughout the Commonwealth. To produce these estimates through FFY 2040, MassDOT assumed an inflation level for each program based on FAST Act funding levels. These inflation rates vary by program and range between 1.7 and 3.8 percent per year. The MBTA typically provides a 20 percent match to these FTA formula funds.

Table 3-7 shows the amounts of Section 5307, Section 5337, and Section 5339 federal formula funds that the MBTA is expected to receive between FFY 2020 and FFY 2040, grouped by Destination 2040 time band. This table also shows a projected amount of MBTA match funding, based on an 80 percent federal share/20 percent local share of funding through these programs. More information about the sources of MBTA match funding is available in the State Aid and Other Funding Sources sections that follow.

Table 3-7
Federal Formula Funds for the MBTA, by Program and Destination 2040 Time Band

Note: Dollars are shown in millions. Totals may not sum due to rounding. FTA Section 5307 funds are expected to increase by 2.08 percent per year, Section 5337 funds are expected to increase by 1.72 percent per year, and Section 5339 funds are expected to increase by 3.83 percent per year.
FTA = Federal Transit Administration. MassDOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation. MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Sources: MassDOT, the MBTA, and the Boston Region MPO.

In addition to these federal formula funds, the MBTA is also expected to receive FTA discretionary grant program funding during the life of Destination 2040. These discretionary grants are focused on specific projects or initiatives. FTA’s Capital Investment Grants program (Section 5309) will provide a total of $966.12 million in federal funds to support the construction of the Green Line Extension in Cambridge, Somerville, and Medford, as stipulated in FTA’s Full Funding Grant Agreement (FFGA) with MassDOT and the MBTA. The total cost of the project is approximately $2.29 billion, with the remaining construction costs covered by federal CMAQ dollars contributed by the Boston Region MPO ($157.08 million); Commonwealth funds, including match funds ($1.06 billion); and contributions from the Cities of Cambridge ($25 million) and Somerville ($50 million). 

FTA, the Commonwealth, the Boston Region MPO, and these municipalities began funding the Green Line Extension project prior to FFY 2020, the first year of Destination 2040. Between FFYs 2020 and 2040, the MBTA expects that it will spend approximately $1.44 billion on the project, which will be supported by FTA Section 5309 funds and FHWA CMAQ funding contributed by the MPO, along with Commonwealth, local, and other contributions.

FTA and the FRA have also awarded the MBTA funds to assist with the deployment of Positive Train Control systems. These systems are designed to stop a train automatically before certain accidents occur. Between FFYs 2020 and 2024, FTA and FRA will provide $37.92 million in federal funds, including approximately $2.56 million in formula funds, for which the MBTA will provide an estimated $9.48 million match. During the Destination 2040 timeframe, upon completion of the Positive Train Control Program, the MBTA will have the opportunity to draw down loans from the USDOT, which are secured through the Railroad Rehabilitation and Infrastructure Financing and the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act programs.

Finally, the MBTA also expects to receive $6.9 million in federal funds from the Department of Homeland Security and Federal Emergency Management Agency Transit Security Grant Program, in the first time band of Destination 2040.

Federal Funding for CATA

CATA receives a portion of the Urbanized Area Formula Grants program (Section 5307) funds that come to the Boston UZA. MassDOT used the same approaches and inflation rate that it used to estimate Section 5307 funds for the MBTA to develop estimates for CATA between FFY 2020 and FFY 2040. These projections are shown in Table 3-8.

Table 3-8
Federal Funds for CATA, by Destination 2040 Time Band

Note: Funding amounts are shown in millions. FTA Section 5307 funds are expected to increase by 2.08 percent per year. Matching funds are not shown in this table.
CATA = Cape Ann Transportation Authority. FFY = Federal Fiscal Year. MassDOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Sources: MassDOT and the Boston Region MPO.

CATA can spend these Urbanized Area Formula funds on capital projects, and is eligible to spend up to 75 percent of its annual Urbanized Area Formula funding allocation on operating costs or use the funds for capital projects per FTA. CATA typically spends a portion of this funding on preventative maintenance for its vehicles each year; this is an operating expense that FTA has deemed eligible as a capital project that can be funded 80 percent with federal dollars.^3-14 It allocates the rest to capital investments. 

Both CATA and MWRTA typically receive capital dollars from the Commonwealth’s RTA Capital Assistance (RTA CAP) fund. MassDOT works with RTAs to provide matching funds for individual capital projects that are approved for inclusion in the MassDOT CIP, with the match amount based on the amount of federal funds that RTAs pledge toward each project. FTA formula funds typically require a 20 percent local match, which MassDOT typically fulfills, although in some cases MassDOT may provide a larger share.

Federal Funding for MWRTA

Like CATA, MWRTA receives Urbanized Area Formula Grants program (Section 5307) funds to support its capital infrastructure. Table 3-9 shows the amount of these funds expected to be available to MWRTA during the life of Destination 2040, based on MassDOT projections.

Table 3-9
Federal Funds for MWRTA, by Destination 2040 Time Band

Note: Funding amounts are shown in millions. FTA Section 5307 funds are expected to increase by 2.08 percent per year. Matching funds are not shown in this table.
FFY = Federal Fiscal Year. MassDOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. MWRTA = MetroWest Regional Transit Authority.
Sources: MassDOT and the Boston Region MPO.

MWRTA is also similar to CATA in that it is eligible to spend up to 75 percent of its allocation on operating costs, per FTA. MWRTA typically spends a significant share of its Urbanized Area Formula funds on operating expenses each year, particularly to support its ADA paratransit service. MWRTA allocates its remaining Section 5307 funding to capital projects after operating needs are met. As discussed in the Federal Funding for CATA section, the Commonwealth matches federal funding for MassDOT/CIP-approved RTA capital projects on an individual project basis; typically, MassDOT's match share is 20 percent, although this share can vary from project to project.

Other Federal Funding for Transit

MassDOT oversees the distribution of other federal funding for transit in the Boston region. Each year, MassDOT’s Rail and Transit Division administers the competitive Community Transit Grant Program, which awards funding to help meet the transportation and mobility needs of seniors and people with disabilities. This program is supported by both the federal Enhanced Mobility of Seniors and Individuals with Disabilities program (Section 5310; see Table 3-6 for details), and Mobility Assistance Program (MAP) funds from the Commonwealth. Awards from this program fund mobility management initiatives, operational costs, and capital equipment, such as vehicles. A Community Transit Grant Program committee advises MassDOT staff by reviewing and scoring applications for Section 5310 and MAP funding through this program. Once awards are made, MassDOT submits a Section 5310 funding application to FTA.

While MassDOT distributes federal Section 5310 funding through a competitive grant process, a designated portion of this funding must be allocated within the Boston UZA, as Section 5310 is a formula-based program. Table 3-10 shows the expected amount of Section 5310 dollars that are expected to be available in the Boston UZA, based on MassDOT projections.

Table 3-10
Federal Section 5310 Funds for the Boston Urbanized Area,
by Destination 2040 Time Band

Note: Funding amounts are shown in millions. FTA Section 5310 funds are expected to increase by approximately 2.1 percent per year.
FFY = Federal Fiscal Year. FTA = Federal Transit Administration. MassDOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Sources: MassDOT and the Boston Region MPO.

MWRTA and CATA are eligible to receive funds through the Community Transit Grant Program. For example, in SFY 2019, MWRTA was awarded capital funding to purchase 24 replacement vehicles ($1.82 million in federal and matching funds) and to address information technology infrastructure and dispatching software needs ($100,000). In that same year, MWRTA also received operations-related funding to support its travel-training program ($100,000). Meanwhile, in SFY 2018, CATA received $204,200 in capital funding (including federal and matching funds) for replacement vehicles. Other types of entities that may receive these funds include municipal governments or private, nonprofit transportation providers in the Boston UZA. Funds awarded through the Community Transit Grant Program may be matched by local sources, depending on their use.

MassDOT also launched the competitive Workforce Transportation Options Grant Program in 2019. This grant program, which is administered by the MassDOT Rail and Transit Division, used federal CMAQ dollars to leverage private and other non-state funds to improve options for workforce transportation. MassDOT expects that approximately $1.975 million will be spent through this program each year, with $9.9 million identified for SFYs 2020–24 in MassDOT’s CIP. Boston region transit providers, including transportation management associations, may be able to access this funding.

State Aid

The Commonwealth supplements federal dollars for transit capital spending with state revenues, including bond funds. As mentioned in the Highway System Funding Sources section, the Commonwealth issues general obligation bonds and special obligation bonds. MassDOT’s CIP notes that in the near term (SFYs 2020–24):

• General obligation bonds ($461.5 million) will provide as much as $60 million in annual assistance to the MBTA and a portion of the funding for the first phase of the South Coast Rail project.
• Accelerated Bridge Program bonds ($100,000) support capital investment in MBTA bridges.
• Special obligation bonds ($1.81 billion) support the Commonwealth’s Rail Enhancement Program, which funds reliability, modernization, and expansion initiatives at the MBTA. These include the Commonwealth’s share of the Green Line Extension, vehicle and infrastructure improvements on the Red and Orange Lines, and other initiatives. Rail enhancement bonds also provide funding for Phase 1 of the South Coast Rail improvement program.

As mentioned above, Commonwealth bond funds are also used to provide RTA CAP funding to RTAs such as MWRTA and CATA. These funds provide the match funding for federal dollars or help RTAs to make additional capital investments. As previously mentioned, RTAs coordinate with the MassDOT Rail and Transit Division to identify funding for individual projects that are approved for inclusion in the CIP. According to MassDOT’s SFY 2020–24 CIP, MWRTA is expected to receive $1,333,165 in RTA CAP funds to support its capital investments during this timeframe, while CATA is expected to receive $811,250 in RTA CAP funds to support its capital investments.

Finally, as previously mentioned in the Federal Aid section, MassDOT’s MAP provides funding that helps to support the Community Transit Grant Program. The MassDOT CIP notes that the MAP is expected to make approximately $50 million available statewide between SFYs 2020–24.

Other Funding Sources

The MBTA has several other funding sources that supplement Commonwealth and federal dollars for transit capital improvement projects. MBTA revenue bonds, including sustainability bonds, help provide matches for federal dollars and otherwise support MBTA capital projects. The MBTA’s ability to issue these bonds is contingent on the ability of its operating budget to support increased debt service, and market variables will have an impact on the costs of new debt and the bond proceeds available to support the capital program from future debt issuance. According to the MassDOT SFYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA expects that nearly $1.02 billion from revenue bonds will be available to support MBTA capital investments during this period.

Other funding sources for MBTA capital projects include the following sources:

• MBTA Pay-as-you-go (pay-go) funds: Pay-go is a financial instrument that uses cash to fund capital projects rather than issuing bonds and incurring debt-service expenses. In the SFYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA expects that approximately $580 million will be available in Pay-go funds. 
• Municipal and local funds: This category includes contributions from the Cities of Cambridge and Somerville for the Green Line Extension project, amounting to an expected $75 million between SFYs 2020 and 2024. 
• Reimbursable and third-party funds: This category includes funds received via reimbursable agreements with the Rhode Island Department of Transportation, Amtrak, and other parties. According to the SFYs 2020–24 CIP, MassDOT expects $101 million to be available from these sources. 

MWRTA and CATA projects may also be supported by local funds. In some cases, revenues from tolls—referred to as toll credits—can also be used to match federal funds.

Transit Capital Spending

The funding sources described in the Transit Capital Funding Sources section help to support the capital investments that the MBTA, MWRTA, and CATA will make between FFYs 2020 and 2040. As with highway investments, transit capital investments can be organized according to the strategic goals in the MassDOT CIP: reliability, modernization, and expansion. These transit agencies’ priorities are also shaped by their respective transit asset management (TAM) plans, which include transit asset inventory and condition assessments and strategies to bring vehicles, facilities, and other infrastructure into a state of good repair. This section explains the MBTA, MWRTA, and CATA’s approaches to spending federal funds to meet their systems’ state of good repair, modernization, and other needs.

MBTA Capital Investment

As of May 2019, the MBTA has made substantial progress on a capital investment assessment process, which built off of the transit asset inventory and condition assessment data collection and analysis it conducted to meet FTA TAM Rule requirements. One of the findings of this assessment process is that the MBTA’s capital needs as of this date amount to approximately $10.1 billion.^3-15 This point-in-time estimate reflects the amount that the MBTA would need to spend if it chose to replace fully all assets currently in need of replacement (as of its October 2018 report to the National Transit Database) with modernized assets (for example, to address ADA or fire code compliance). Figure 3-4 shows how this $10.1 billion asset replacement and modernization need is spread across asset categories.

Figure 3-4
MBTA Capital Need Estimates by Category

Note: This point-in-time estimate reflects the replacement costs for MBTA assets that are in need of replacement as of the MBTA’s October 2018 reporting to the National Transit Database. This estimate is a dynamic value that will change over time. Estimates for several categories include placeholders and will be updated as additional data is collected and analyzed.
MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
Source: MBTA, “Capital Needs Assessment: Presentation to the Fiscal Management and Control Board.” May 13, 2019. pg 13.

The MBTA notes that since SFY 2016, it has invested more than $3 billion in its capital program, including over $2.5 billion specifically in reliability and modernization needs.^3-16 The projects it has invested in since this date have addressed needs across various vehicle types—including buses, commuter rail locomotives and coaches, and paratransit vehicles—as well as station, parking, track, signal, bridge, power, and winter resiliency equipment needs. The effects of other investments, such as in Red Line and Orange Line vehicles and improvements at Wollaston, Braintree, and Quincy Adams stations, are not reflected in this current estimate but are expected to appear in future asset condition assessments. Overall, the MBTA estimates that had it not made such significant capital investments in recent years, the agency’s capital need would be greater.

This analysis will support the MBTA’s Long-Term Capital Plan, which will address capital needs related to asset condition and modernization, system transformation, safety improvements, capacity enhancements, and expansion projects. The MBTA has developed a re-baselined spending plan to address its current estimated $10.1 billion in asset condition and modernization needs by 2032, which falls within the horizon of Destination 2040.^3-17 The MBTA’s next steps to support long-term capital planning in this area will be to (1) complete its capital needs assessment; (2) execute its current Capital Investment Plan, which will help reduce asset replacement needs by putting new assets into service; and (3) develop a 15-year capital program to invest approximately $20 billion in non-expansion priorities.^3-18

The funding sources outlined in this chapter will support the MBTA in addressing these asset replacement and modernization needs. Table 3-7 in the Transit Capital Funding Sources section shows that the MBTA is projected to receive a combined $8.3 billion in federal dollars from the Urbanized Area Formula Grants program (Section 5307), State of Good Repair Program funds (Section 5337), and Bus and Bus Facilities funds (Section 5339) between FFYs 2020 and 2040. These funds are expected to be matched by a projected $2.08 billion in MBTA funds. Additional funding sources, including those described in the State Aid and Other Funding Sources section, will support MBTA capital investment.

In the SFYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA has established specific programs in each of MassDOT’s strategic goal areas. The programs in the reliability and modernization areas most directly address asset condition and modernization needs, although expansion projects will also affect the overall extent and condition of the system. Table 3-11 lists these programs.

Table 3-11
MBTA-Related CIP Programs by MassDOT Strategic Goal Area

^a Non-GLX Expansion projects include future expansion projects for the transit and commuter rail system.
CIP = Capital Investment Plan. MassDOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation. MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. SFY = State Fiscal Year
Source: SFYs 2020–24 MassDOT Capital Investment Plan.

More details about these MBTA programs and planned investments are discussed in Chapter 4, the System Preservation Chapter of the Destination 2040 Needs Assessment, the SFY 2020–24 MassDOT CIP, and/or the MBTA’s 2018 TAM Plan.

RTA Capital Investment

MassDOT’s SFYs 2020–24 CIP also includes programs in its reliability and modernization goal areas that are specific to RTAs. Table 3-12 lists these programs.

Table 3-12
RTA-Related CIP Programs by MassDOT Strategic Goal Area

CIP = Capital Investment Plan. MassDOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation. RTA = Regional Transit Authority. SFY = State Fiscal Year
Source: SFYs 2020–24 MassDOT Capital Investment Plan.

The CIP reflects upcoming capital expenditures by MWRTA and CATA, which are informed by their TAM Plans. CATA’s upcoming capital expenses include replacement vehicle purchases, shelter replacements, improvements to the parking lot at the agency’s Pond Road facility in Gloucester, and purchases of other shop equipment and software. Ongoing capital funding will be needed to support vehicle replacement and facility improvements. Table 3-8 shows that CATA can expect to receive $13.98 million in federal Urbanized Area Formula funds to support its capital investments, which would be matched by RTA CAP and/or local funds on a project-by-project basis. These funds may be supplemented by capital awards from MassDOT’s Community Transit Grant Program, which are made on an annual basis. CATA uses a large share of its Urbanized Area Formula funds for preventative maintenance for its vehicles. CATA staff notes that in recent years, RTA CAP support from MassDOT has made it possible for the agency to catch up on vehicle replacements.

MWRTA’s upcoming capital expenses include continued investment in vehicles, with a goal of replacing one-fifth of its fleet per year, per its 2018 TAM plan.^3-19 MWRTA will also invest in bus support equipment and IT infrastructure, and it will maintain and make improvements at both its Blandin Avenue facility in Framingham and at the operations center at the Framingham Commuter Rail Station, which it manages and maintains under contract with the MBTA.

Table 3-9 shows that MWRTA can expect to receive $59.34 million in federal Urbanized Area Formula (Section 5307) funds over the life of Destination 2040. MWRTA typically spends a significant share of these Urbanized Area Formula funds on operating costs each year, as discussed in the Federal Funding for MWRTA section above and in the Transit Operations and Maintenance Financing section later in this chapter. It allocates remaining Urbanized Area Formula funds to capital projects after operating needs are met. MWRTA staff also notes that it seeks additional capital funding to help support MWRTA’s current level of service (provided six days per week); it also seeks to increase frequency and add evening and Sunday service.

Transit Operations and Maintenance Financing

Transit agencies in the Boston region must not only invest in the capital assets of their transit systems, but also operate and maintain them on an ongoing basis. This section describes the types of revenues and costs associated with MBTA, CATA, and MWRTA operations and maintenance. This section also provides projections of costs and revenues related to operations and maintenance between now and 2040.

MBTA

In 2000, the Massachusetts Legislature updated the MBTA’s enabling legislation. This update, commonly referred to as Forward Funding, established the current financing structure of the MBTA. It provided 20 percent of the state sales tax as a dedicated revenue stream for the MBTA and expanded the service area to 175 municipalities for collecting local annual assessments. Revenues from these sources are used primarily to fund operations and maintenance costs for the MBTA, but also are used to secure revenue bonds that the MBTA uses to match federal funds for capital projects. Collectively, sources of MBTA operating funds include the following:

• Sales Tax: The dedicated revenues from the state sales tax are equal to whichever is greater, the amount of actual sales tax receipts generated from the 20 percent of the statewide sales tax dedicated to the MBTA, or a base revenue amount. The annual amount of dedicated sales tax revenues that the MBTA receives is subject to annual upward adjustment to a maximum 3 percent increase based on a comparison of the percentage increase of inflation to the increase in actual sales tax receipts. Legislation enacted in 2014 increased the base revenue amount in SFY 2015 to $970.6 million and increased the dedicated sales tax revenue amount for the MBTA by an additional $160 million annually.^3-20
• Local Assessments: The MBTA receives funding through local assessments in accordance with a statutory formula. The 175 municipalities within the MBTA’s service district pay an assessment to the MBTA on an annual basis. The amount paid by each municipality varies according to the population and the level of service provided.
• Fare Revenues: Current legislation sets fare increases at no more than 7 percent in a 24-month period.
• Non-Fare Revenue Sources: These sources may include parking fees, advertising, concessions, rent, interest income, utility reimbursements, and nonoperating revenues, such as income earned on investments and property sales.

MBTA operating expenses typically include wages, benefits, payroll taxes, materials, supplies, and purchased transportation services. The MBTA is also responsible for debt service payments. MBTA bonds were previously backed by the Commonwealth prior to enactment of the Forward Funding legislation. Upon the effective date of the Forward Funding legislation in 2000, however, contract payments from the state ceased, and all outstanding debt became the MBTA’s responsibility. Overall, the MBTA’s operations and maintenance costs include borrowing and operational costs associated with executing the MBTA’s capital plan.

Since Charting Progress to 2040, the MPO’s 2015 LRTP, the MBTA has made substantial progress in its efforts to reduce the forecasted operating deficit through partnerships, renegotiated and restructured contracts, and restructured and refinanced debt service, as well as by controlling other operating expenses through updated business practices and increased revenues. Table 3-13 shows preliminary projections of available revenue and expenses for the MBTA’s operations and maintenance activities during the Destination 2040 planning period. These estimates reflect baseline service as accounted for in the MBTA’s SFY 2020 budget. These baseline estimates reflect year-over-year  inflationary increases for each category of spending on wages, materials, and services and contracts, and they reflect legislatively-approved increases in revenues. The MBTA is actively evaluating the life-cycle costs associated with maintaining a state of good repair and the revenue impacts of major capital investments.

Table 3-13
Projected MBTA Operations and Maintenance Revenues and Expenses

Note: Funding amounts are shown in millions. Totals may not sum due to rounding. These estimates reflect baseline service as accounted for in the MBTA’s SFY 2020 budget. The MBTA is actively evaluating the life-cycle costs associated with maintaining a state of good repair and the revenue impacts of major capital investments.
^a Additional State Assistance that is not used to address operating deficits is directed to the MBTA Capital Maintenance Fund Lock Box. The Lock Box, established in 2016, is funded mostly from savings in the operating budget. Money from this fund is available immediately to fund projects not included in the five-year Capital Investment Plan. Selected projects are meant to be near-term and have a direct customer benefit.
MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. SFY = State Fiscal Year.
Source: MBTA.

MWRTA and CATA

The operation and maintenance needs of the MWRTA and CATA are funded through a variety of sources, including

• FTA Funds: As discussed in the Transit Capital Funding Sources section above, both agencies receive federal Urbanized Area Formula (Section 5307) funds and are eligible to use up to 75 percent of those funds on operating expenditures. MWRTA in particular uses a significant portion of its Urbanized Area Formula funds to support operating needs. Urbanized formula funds are matched typically at a 50 percent federal/50 percent local rate, usually with State Contract Assistance (SCA) funds, which are described below. From time to time, CATA and MWRTA may also receive funds from the Community Transit Grant Program, the federal share being provided by the Enhanced Mobility of Seniors and Individuals with Disabilities (Section 5310) program. 
• State Support: MassDOT distributes SCA funding to RTAs to support their operating expenditures. These dollars, which come from the Commonwealth Transportation Fund and the Massachusetts Transportation Trust Fund, can be used to match federal funds for transit operations. The total amount of SCA funds provided in the state budget is distributed among the RTAs in Massachusetts according to an allocation formula. MWRTA and CATA may occasionally receive funds from other state sources. For example, in SFY 2020, CATA will receive some funding from the Massachusetts Rural Transit Assistance program, and may receive funding from this program in future years. 
• Local Assessments: Member municipalities provide annual support for RTA operations.
• Fare Revenues: These include revenues from fixed-route and demand response services.
• Other Non-Fare Sources: These include interest income, rental income, fuel tax rebates, advertising, and parking revenues. MWRTA receives a monthly lease payment for its compressed natural gas fueling facility, and vehicle maintenance revenues through partnership agreements. CATA also generates operating revenue from rent received from leasing space in its building and from contract transportation service.

Both RTAs’ operating expenses include administrative staff expenses (salaries, benefits, payroll taxes), vehicle-related expenses, building- and parking-facility related expenses, office and business expenses (such professional services and advertising). MWRTA staff notes that it is able to reduce its energy expenses significantly through the use of its solar photovoltaic canopy. RTA operations and maintenance costs also include purchased transportation; these costs include the operating expenses of the private companies that, under contractual arrangements, operate the RTA’s services, and management fees. The RTAs are required by law to contract out the operation of their transit service to a private company. These operating arrangements are expected to continue in the future.

To produce estimates of CATA’s operating and maintenance costs over the life of Destination 2040, MPO staff obtained a SFY 2020 budget from CATA and projected operations revenues and costs using a 2.08 percent inflation factor to correspond to the expected growth in FTA Urbanized Area Formula funds. Table 3-14 shows projected estimates of CATA’s operations and maintenance revenues and costs over the approximate life of Destination 2040. These expected dollar amounts, particularly in the revenue categories, will be adjusted on an annual basis and may differ compared to the numbers presented in the table. As shown in the table, revenues are expected to cover costs. However, CATA currently provides limited service throughout the service area, with its most frequent bus service provided hourly. Future service improvements, such as more frequent service and service offered later in the day, will require additional support.

Table 3-14
Projected CATA Operations and Maintenance Revenues and Costs by
Destination 2040 Five-Year Time Band

Note: Funding amounts are shown in millions. Totals may not sum due to rounding. Revenues and costs are expected to increase by 2.08 percent per year.
^a This category reflects FTA Urbanized Area Formula (Section 5307) funds. CATA spends these dollars on preventative maintenance, a capital expense, but reflects them as part of their annual operations and maintenance budget.
CATA = Cape Ann Transportation Authority. FTA = Federal Transit Administration. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. SFY = State Fiscal Year.
Sources: CATA and the Boston Region MPO.

Table 3-15 shows projected estimates of MWRTA’s operations and maintenance revenues and costs over the approximate life of Destination 2040, following the same approach used to project CATA’s operations and maintenance revenues and costs. As with the CATA information presented in Table 3-14, dollar amounts, particularly in the revenue categories, will be adjusted on an annual basis, and may differ compared to the numbers presented in the table. As shown below, MWRTA’s revenues are expected to cover costs. It should be noted, however, that the MWRTA provides limited service six days per week. Future service improvements, including evening and Sunday service, will require additional support.

Table 3-15
Projected MWRTA Operations and Maintenance Revenues and Costs by
Destination 2040 Five-Year Time Band

Note: Funding amounts are shown in millions. Totals may not sum due to rounding.
^a This category reflects FTA Urbanized Area Formula (Section 5307) funds. MWRTA spends these dollars on operating costs, particularly for its ADA paratransit service.
ADA = Americans with Disabilities Act. FTA = Federal Transit Administration. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. MWRTA = MetroWest Regional Transit Authority. SFY = State Fiscal Year.
Sources: MWRTA and the Boston Region MPO.

Conclusion

The Boston region’s transportation system is supported by a variety of federal, state, and local funding sources, and a range of agencies, including the MPO, MassDOT, and the region’s public transportation agencies, are responsible for spending them to meet the region’s transportation needs. This chapter provides context about the amount and types of funding resources that are available and how these agencies plan to use them, particularly the Boston Region MPO, which has $2.9 billion in discretionary funding to spend between FFY 2020 and FFY 2040. Chapter 4, The Recommended Plan, provides more detail on the specific projects and programs that the Boston Region MPO and other agencies recommend for investment.

Back to top

Chapter 4 – The Recommended Plan

Background

A major component in the development of the Long-Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) is the Recommended Plan. The Recommended Plan cites the regionally significant projects and investment programs that have been selected for funding for the life of the LRTP. This chapter describes the transportation infrastructure that the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) expects to fund during the next 20 years. It particularly focuses on those projects and programs that will be funded with MPO discretionary funds, also called Regional Target funds. The chapter begins with an overview of key elements that form the backdrop for these decisions and explains the project and program selection process. It then describes the projects and programs that comprise the Recommended Plan. Finally, this chapter describes the results of the travel demand model and offers an interpretation of the Recommended Plan’s projects and programs.

The MPO’s Challenge

The ultimate purpose of transportation is to serve human activity; therefore, the MPO challenge for this LRTP continues to be

How can we maintain the transportation network to meet existing needs and adapt and modernize it for future demand within the reality of constrained fiscal resources?

Balancing Diverse Needs

The MPO recognizes the diversity of transportation needs throughout the Boston region. Matters of system preservation and modernization, safety, capacity management and mobility, the environment, economic vitality, and environmental justice all need to be addressed to balance diverse needs and reach the MPO’s goals. The Recommended Plan demonstrates the MPO’s method for reaching this balance to provide adequate funding for major infrastructure projects and investment programs. The definition of a major infrastructure project in the Boston region is one that costs more than $20 million and/or adds capacity to the existing system through the addition of a travel lane, construction of an interchange, the extension of a commuter rail or rapid transit line, or the procurement of additional (not replacement) public transportation vehicles. Other investment programs allow for smaller-scale projects that would be funded through the Transportation Improvement Program (TIP). This Recommended Plan is the MPO’s response to the challenge above, including the issue of diversity.

Issues

The Recommended Plan addresses the following problems:

• The region’s infrastructure is aging; clearly, the demands placed on highway and transit facilities have been taxing to the point that routine maintenance is insufficient to keep up with maintenance needs. As a result, there is a significant backlog of maintenance and state-of-good-repair work to be done on the highway and transit system, including on bridges, roadway pavement, transit rolling stock, and traffic and transit control equipment. Under these circumstances, the MPO recognizes that the concept of preservation has become even more important. Maintenance needs must be prioritized in a way that will address the most serious problems with the most effective investments in order to provide maximum current and future benefits. The Recommended Plan provides mechanisms for this.
• The Recommended Plan needs to support a transportation system that expands travel choices within the region. While advocating for a system that adequately supports all modes of travel, the MPO recognizes that many people in the region are, and will continue to be, reliant on the automobile. MPO members expect both roadway congestion to worsen and transit demand to increase in the future. MPO members recognize that the MPO needs to advance many travel options to reduce dependence on the single-occupant vehicle.
• Climate change likely will affect the Boston region significantly if climate trends continue as projected. In order to minimize the negative impacts, the MPO is taking steps to decrease the Boston region’s carbon footprint while simultaneously adapting the transportation system to minimize damage from natural hazards. Through its project selection criteria, the MPO considers projects and strategies that protect and enhance the environment, promote energy conservation, and improve quality of life in the region.
• The Recommended Plan’s transportation investments support livability by providing residents with convenient access to opportunities and resources. Affordable housing, access to services, employment opportunities, and shopping in close proximity all contribute to the livability of a community, as do safe, affordable, and healthy options for getting around.
• The MPO seeks, in the Recommended Plan, to provide access to transportation services on an equitable basis across the region. This includes, but is not limited to, providing transportation options to low-income and minority communities for travel to jobs, services, and other important destinations.
• Finally, the MPO recognizes that the transportation system plays a critical role in the continued economic health of the region. Many sectors of the economy depend heavily on safe and efficient movement of goods and services by truck, rail, air, and water.

Investment Programs and Major Infrastructure Project selection

Chapter 1, Introduction and Process, explains the process for developing Destination 2040, and provides an overview of the steps required and information used when selecting the recommended projects and programs included in this LRTP. The steps for developing the LRTP are summarized below along with the chapters that provide additional details on each step:

• Assessment of region’s transportation needs (Destination 2040 Needs Assessment document; a summary can also be found in Chapter 2 of this document)
• Revisions to the MPO’s vision, goals, and objectives (Appendix E of the Destination 2040 Needs Assessment document; a summary can also be found in Chapter 1 of this document)
• Development of a Universe of Projects and Programs list (Appendix A; a summary can also be found in Chapter 1 of this document)
• Evaluation of major infrastructure projects (Appendix B)
• Review of transportation revenues available for programming projects and programs through 2040 (Chapter 3)
• Analysis of future transportation alternatives (more information is provided in this chapter)
• Account of public participation that spanned the entire development process (Appendix D of the Destination 2040 Needs Assessment document and Appendix D of this document)

Investment Program Selection

As described in Chapter 1, the MPO reaffirmed the policy established in Charting Progress to 2040 of setting aside a portion of its discretionary funding toward a set of investment programs. Specifically to continue an operations and management (O&M) approach to programming—giving priority to low-cost, non-major infrastructure projects. The MPO agreed to continue funding the following existing investment programs, which are designed to prioritize the types of transportation projects that the MPO funds through the TIP:

• Intersection Improvements
• Complete Streets
• Bicycle Network and Pedestrian Connections
• Community Connections
• Major Infrastructure

In addition, based on information from the Needs Assessment and public input, the MPO voted to expand the Complete Streets Program to accommodate funding for dedicated bus lanes and associated infrastructure and climate resiliency improvements while the Community Connections Program was expanded to include investments that connect elderly adults to transportation. The MPO also established a new investment program—the Transit Modernization Program.

The MPO reviewed its Charting Progress to 2040 assumptions on investment program sizes. It reviewed the funding levels of the programs funded over the last five TIPs and used input from the Destination 2040 NeedsAssessment to make the following changes:

• Major Infrastructure Investment Program Assumptions
• Charting Progress to 2040 policy goal: No more than 50 percent of available funding in each five-year time band would be allocated to major infrastructure projects.
• Destination 2040 policy goal: No more than 30 percent of available funding in each five-year time band would be allocated to major infrastructure projects.
• Major Infrastructure Project Assumptions
• Charting Progress to 2040 policy goal: If one major infrastructure project required more than 50 percent of funding in a particular time band, it would not be programmed.
• Destination 2040 policy goal: If one major infrastructure project required more than 30 percent of funding in a particular time band, it would not be programmed.
• O&M Investment Programs Assumptions
• Charting Progress to 2040 policy goal: Four investment programs were established for the smaller projects that cost less than $20 million and/or did not add capacity to the system. After the 50 percent was allocated to the Major Infrastructure program, the following goals were established for the O&M programs:
• Complete Streets Program—29 percent
• Intersection Improvements Program—14 percent
• Bicycle and Pedestrian Program—5 percent
• Community Connections Program—2 percent
• Destination 2040 policy goal: The four investment programs were continued with the addition of a new investment program. After the 30 percent was allocated to the Major Infrastructure program, the following goals were established for the recommended O&M programs:
• Complete Streets Program (including Dedicated Bus Lanes)—45 percent
• Intersection Improvements Program—13 percent
• Bicycle and Pedestrian Program—5 percent
• Community Connections Program—2 percent
• Transit Modernization Program—5 percent

The inclusion of these investment programs in the Recommended Plan continues to give municipalities the confidence to design projects knowing that there would be funding in the later years of the LRTP. Detailed information on each program is found under the Recommended List of Projects and Programs section of this chapter. The Universe of Programs list is included in Appendix A.

Major Infrastructure Project Selection

Once the MPO established its investment programs and sizes, the next step was to identify the region’s top-priority highway and transit projects as candidates for funding. As described in Chapter 1, MPO staff developed a Universe of Projects list identifying the major infrastructure projects (projects that cost more than $20 million and/or add capacity to the transportation network) that were active Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) projects, conceptual projects identified in the Needs Assessment, and transit projects that were identified in the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority’s (MBTA) long-range plan,Focus40as projects to advance over the next 20 years and “Big Idea” projects to be considered in the future. The Universe of Projects list is included in Appendix A.

Staff then evaluated the highway projects in the Universe of Projects list that had been sufficiently well defined to allow for analysis. The MPO’s goals and objectives were used to evaluate the projects. More information on the project evaluation process is included in Appendix B. The MPO also discussed the possibility of flexing discretionary highway funding to transit projects, and this was considered when discussing alternatives for programming in Destination 2040.

With this information, MPO staff developed several possible funding alternatives that fit within the fiscal constraints of the LRTP and reflected the investment program funding goals.

• Alternative 1—Fully fund the 30 percent Major Infrastructure Program with projects that were included in the Charting Progress to 2040 LRTP but that had not yet been funded in the TIP plus projects that had municipal support and for which action was being taken to advance the projects. This alternative left some funding unallocated in the later time band of the LRTP to allow for cost overruns of programmed projects.
• Alternative 1A—Reclassify larger Complete Streets projects from the Major Infrastructure Program to the Complete Streets Program to determine if additional projects could be funded under the Major Infrastructure Program and continue to meet the established MPO investment program goals.
• Alternative 2—Program projects that were included in the Charting Progress to 2040 LRTP but that had not yet been funded in the TIP plus a higher cost interchange project. This alternative exceeded the Major Infrastructure funding goal established by the MPO.
• Alternative 3— Program some projects that were included in the Charting Progress to 2040 LRTP but that had not yet been funded in the TIP plus a higher cost interchange project along with smaller interchange projects. This alternative left some funding unallocated in the later time band of the LRTP to allow for cost overruns or projects that may emerge in the future.
• Alternative 4— Program projects that were included in the Charting Progress to 2040 LRTP but that had not yet been funded in the TIP plus one regionally significant project that was evaluated as part of the TIP but not funded because of its cost. This alternative left the majority of funding in the last time band (FFYs 2035–40) of the LRTP unallocated to allow for cost overruns or projects that may emerge in the future.

The MPO reviewed and discussed the alternatives in May 2019 and voted to adopt Alternative 4 for the Recommended Plan for the Destination 2040 LRTP. This alternative leaves the majority of funding unallocated in the last time band (FFY 2035–40) for projects that may emerge in the future. It also gives the MPO the option of flexing highway funding to transit projects that may be a priority to the MPO once ongoing transit studies and design of transit projects identified in Focus40 are completed.

recommended List of Projects and programs

This LRTP includes funding to meet transportation needs in the region and address the issues discussed in the Background section above, including maintenance and expansion of the transportation system. Funding for much of the roadway maintenance in the Boston Region MPO area is provided through statewide resurfacing, maintenance, and infrastructure programs. Maintenance of the bridges is provided through the statewide bridge program and the Accelerated Bridge Program.

In the Boston region, the highway network’s major infrastructure and capacity expansion projects, and other maintenance and rehabilitation projects not included in the statewide programs, are funded through the Boston Region MPO’s share of the discretionary capital program or Regional Target funds. The selection of projects and programs using these funds was described in the Project Selection section above. A list of the major infrastructure projects is shown in Table 4-1. Descriptions of each project and the investment programs described in the major infrastructure project descriptions in the next section.

Table 4-1
Major Infrastructure Projects Funded by the MPO in the Recommended Plan

MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

In Destination 2040, for the transit network, the MPO has allocated all of the MBTA’s future transit capital funding to system infrastructure maintenance, accessibility improvements, and system enhancements. It also demonstrates the MPO’s commitment to State Implementation Plan projects by programming and funding them.

In addition, to the major infrastructure projects funded with MPO Regional Target funds, this LRTP lists major infrastructure projects that are located in the Boston Region MPO but funded by the Commonwealth. These include the following projects:

• Cypher Street Extension (Boston)
• Allston Multimodal Project(Boston)
• Reconstruction of I-90 and I-495 (Hopkinton and Westborough)

Information about these projects is also included in the next section.

The following major infrastructure and expansion projects that are currently under construction are funded in this LRTP:

• Green Line Extension to College Avenue and Union Square in Somerville: The MPO committed $190 million to this project; the remaining costs are $49.1 million. The completion date is projected to be 2023.
• Reconstruction of Highland Avenue, Needham Street and Charles River Bridge from Webster Street to Route 9 in Newton and Needham. The total budget for this project is approximately $29.6 million; the remaining costs are $17.4 million. The completion date is projected to be 2020. 
• Construction of a new connection from Burgin Parkway over the MBTA in Quincy. This project is funded by the Commonwealth and included in MassDOT’s Capital Investment Plan. The budget for this project is $9,156,500. The completion date is projected to be 2020.

After accounting for the costs of these ongoing projects, the remaining funds are available for major infrastructure and capacity expansion or set aside for low-cost, non-capacity-adding projects that advance the MPO’s visions and policies. Table 4-1 lists the projects funded under the major infrastructure program and their current costs. Figure 4-1 shows the locations of these projects and whether they are MPO-funded, Commonwealth-funded, or projects under construction. As shown in Table 4-1, the Recommended Plan allocates the majority of highway funding for highway projects. However, it also provides for flexing $49.1 million in highway funding to the Green Line transit project.

FIGURE 4-1
Major Infrastructure Projects in the Recommended Plan

Source: Boston Region MPO.

All public transportation funds are used for improvements to the regional public transportation system. Based on this distinction, the major highway expansion and highway funds flexed to transit projects total approximately $643 million, representing 22 percent of the MPO’s discretionary funds. The MPO also included funding for approximately $1.8 billion (62 percent) in roadway modernization projects and programs, $118 million (4 percent) for transit modernization, and $55 million (2 percent) for a Community Connections program. Table 4-2 shows the total amount of funding dedicated to major infrastructure projects and O&M programs in this LRTP. In the last time band of the LRTP, $284 million (10 percent) is unallocated.

Table 4-2
Funding Dedicated to Investment Programs in the Recommended Plan

MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

Highway Projects in the Recommended Plan

Table 4-3 lists the highway projects funded under the Major Infrastructure Program and other investment programs established for O&M projects, their costs, and the period in which they are projected to be programmed. The list also includes the no-build projects (projects that are advertised, under construction, or in the first year of the current TIP) and projects funded by the Commonwealth. It includes the Green Line Extension to College Avenue with a spur to Union Square transit project, which is using highway funds flexed to transit.

Pursuant to federal guidance on allowing for inflation, costs associated with each highway project are based on the current estimated cost plus four percent per year through the year of construction. (Figure 4-1 shows the location of each project.) The next section of this chapter first provides a detailed description, current cost, and map for each major infrastructure highway project in the Recommended Plan; it also provides a detailed description of the other investment programs.

TABLE 4-3
Major Infrastructure Projects Programmed with Highway Funding in the Recommended Plan with Costs

B/P = Bicycle and Pedestrian Program. CC = Community Connections Program. CS = Complete Streets Program. FFY = Federal Fiscal Year. INT = Intersection Improvement Program. MBTA = Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. MI = Major Infrastructure Program. MPO = Metropolitan Planning Organization. TM = Transit Modernization Program.
Source: Boston Region MPO.

Major Infrastructure Project Descriptions: Boston MPO-Funded Projects

Boston: Rutherford Avenue/Sullivan Square ($152,000,000)

Project Description

The Rutherford Avenue project seeks to transform the corridor’s highway-like design into a multimodal urban boulevard. The Rutherford Avenue corridor in the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston extends about 1.5 miles from the North Washington Street Bridge to the Sullivan Square MBTA Orange Line station and then to the Alford Street Bridge at the Mystic River. The existing corridor consists of eight to 10 lanes of median-divided highway that facilitate high-speed automobile travel. Although this roadway layout served high volumes of traffic during construction of the Central Artery/Tunnel project, it now acts as a barrier to the neighborhood. The existing roadway creates significant challenges and safety issues for pedestrians and bicyclists seeking to reach various destinations, including Bunker Hill Community College, Paul Revere Park, the Hood Business Park and Schrafft’s Center employment areas, and MBTA rapid transit stations.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

The proposed roadway design includes mobility improvements for all modes through widened sidewalks, a multi-use path system with a 3.5-acre linear buffer park, separated bicycle lanes, and exclusive bus lanes to improve bus operations. The exclusive bus lanes are planned at City Square and at the Sullivan Square Station. The project provides improvements around Sullivan Square by reconfiguring the roadways into an urban grid system of streets to regularize traffic movements. The urban grid will maintain the underpasses at Sullivan Square and Austin Street to reduce vehicle conflicts and allow more signal time to be reallocated to pedestrian crossings. The proposed cross section includes an eight- to 16-foot-wide landscaped median and reduced roadway with three lanes southbound and two lanes northbound, with turn lanes at intersections. This project will include adaptive traffic signals with transit priority to help manage traffic congestion and protect Main Street from cut-through traffic.

Transit:

The designation of exclusive bus lanes at Sullivan Square Station also will improve operations for the 12 MBTA bus routes serving the station that provide almost 900 bus trips and serve 15,000 Orange Line passengers each day. The safety and convenience of street crossings for pedestrians accessing MBTA services will be improved. The exclusive bus lanes at City Square will help facilitate buses from Route 1 to the North Washington Street Bridge and link to bus lanes across the Bridge to Haymarket.

Pedestrians/bicycles:

By transforming the highway-like roadway into a multimodal urban boulevard, the project will improve pedestrian and bicycle safety, and access to the Community College and Sullivan Square MBTA stations on the Orange Line. The livability elements consist of adding sidewalks, creating a 20- to 40-foot linear park with a 12- to 14-foot wide bicycle path and 10-foot wide pedestrian path, installing eight new traffic signals with crosswalks, planting numerous trees and landscape elements, and a six-foot separated bike lane in the southbound direction. The existing eight-foot wide pedestrian bridge crossing over Rutherford Avenue at the Community College will be replaced with a wider, American with Disabilities Act (ADA)-compliant bridge that can also accommodate bicycles.

Safety

A road safety audit will be completed for the corridor.

System Preservation and Modernization

Nine lane-miles of substandard pavement will be replaced and three substandard bridges eliminated as part of this project.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

This project will create public and open space.

Transportation Equity

This project is not in an environmental justice area, but it is within one-half mile of an environmental justice area in the neighboring city of Somerville.

Economic Vitality

The plans for reconfiguring the Sullivan Square roadway network also provide an opportunity to create land parcels for transit-oriented-development that will be well suited and well located for commercial and residential redevelopment by the private sector. Many of the parcels in the Sullivan Square area are publicly owned, by either the MBTA or the City of Boston, which creates the potential for public-private partnerships.

Figure 4-2
Rutherford Avenue/Sullivan Square Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Boston: Roadway, Ceiling, and Wall Reconstruction, New Jet Fans, and Other Control Systems in Sumner Tunnel ($126,544,900)

Project Description

This project will repair the existing deterioration in the Sumner Tunnel by reconstructing the roadway pavement, replacing existing jet fans with modern enhancements, and repairing cracking and corrosion on the tunnel’s walls and ceiling. The total cost of this project is $126,544,900 with $22,115,700 of the Boston Region MPO Regional Target funding allocated to the project. The remainder of the project will be funded with statewide funds.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal

System Preservation and Modernization

This is a major civil engineering structure that needs to be substantially rebuilt on a 50-year cycle.

Economic Vitality

Completion of this project may facilitate development near the tunnel portals.

Figure 4-3
Roadway, Ceiling and Wall Reconstruction, New Jet Fans, and Other Control Systems in Sumner Tunnel Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Framingham: Route 126/Route 135 Grade Separation ($115,000,000)

Project Description

This project would provide a grade-separated crossing at the intersection of Route 135 and Route 126. Route 135 would be depressed under Route 126 with Route 126 approximately maintaining its existing alignment. The depressed section of Route 135 would extend from approximately 500 feet to the west and east of Route 126. Route 126 would continue to cross the Worcester commuter rail line at grade, but traffic on both Routes 135 and 126 would be significantly less affected by rail operations with this grade separation.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

This project will allow traffic on Route 135 to bypass the intersection with Route 126. According to MassDOT 2018 traffic volume data, average daily traffic at this location is 40,800 vehicles on Route 126 and 24,000 vehicles on Route 135. The Route 126/Route 135 intersection functions at level of service (LOS) F in the AM and PM peak periods.

Transit:

The Framingham commuter rail station is located near the project site, and key Metrowest bus Routes 2, 3, and 7 now terminate at the station. Pedestrian and bicycle access to the station via Route 126 from the south will be improved since most of Route 135 traffic would now be below grade.

Safety

This project area includes one of the top-200 Massachusetts crash locations, a situation that has existed for a number of years. Over the 2014–16 period there were 93 crashes, 22 of which involved bodily injury.

System Preservation and Modernization

This project will rebuild one-half mile of roadway.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Pedestrian and bicycle accommodations will be provided.

Transportation Equity

This project is entirely within an environmental justice area.

Economic Vitality

This project is entirely within an MPO-designated priority development area as well as the core of the city’s Central Business District, which was recently rezoned to encourage mixed-use, transit-oriented development. The City of Framingham’s central business district, which according to the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs and the Metropolitan Area Planning Council’s build-out analysis is subject to absolute development constraints, is a designated redevelopment district. According to the Route 126 Corridor Study, the construction of this project would help facilitate redevelopment by making the downtown area more attractive and providing redevelopment sites through the partial taking of business sites as necessary for the roadway work. As currently envisioned, the project includes many streetscape amenities to improve pedestrian and other non-vehicular access. The project also eliminates a significant congestion point in downtown Framingham.

Figure 4-4
Route 126/Route 135 Grade Separation Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Lexington: Routes 4/225 (Bedford Street) and Hartwell Avenue ($30,557,000)

Project Description

This project will widen portions of Routes 4/225 (Bedford Street) and Hartwell Avenue to facilitate traffic flow, including pedestrian and transit, between I-95/Route 128 and employment centers along Hartwell Avenue and at Hanscom Field and the Town of Bedford. New bicycle and pedestrian facilities will be constructed as part of this project.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

Additional lanes will be added and will facilitate traffic flow in the project area.

Transit:

The MBTA and a local transportation management association operate several bus routes in this corridor. Improvements that improve traffic flow will also improve bus operations.

Pedestrians/Bicycle:

New bicycle and pedestrian facilities will be constructed as part of this project. Pedestrian improvements will enhance rider access to transit.

Safety

There are four Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) clusters in the project area.

System Preservation and Modernization

Eight lane-miles of substandard pavement will be replaced as part of this project.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

New bicycle and pedestrian facilities will provide important extensions to the trunk of the Minuteman Commuter Bikeway. Multimodal improvements will also enhance access to transit.

Transportation Equity

This project is not within an environmental justice area.

Economic Vitality

The Town is considering zoning in the project area that will continue to improve the area’s economic vitality.

Figure 4-5
Routes 4/225 (Bedford Street) and Hartwell Avenue Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Lynn: Reconstruction of Western Avenue (Route 107) ($36,205,000)

Project Description

This project will reconstruct 1.9 miles of Western Avenue (Route 107) in Lynn between Centre Street and Eastern Avenue. Work will include roadway pavement reconstruction, drainage improvements, improved design for traffic operations and safety, new signs and pavement markings, and bicycle and ADA-compliant pedestrian improvements.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

Proposed improvements to intersection design and signal timing will improve the LOS to acceptable levels throughout the corridor during AM and PM peak periods. In addition, roadway operational improvements are anticipated to improve safety.

Transit:

MBTA bus routes 424, 434, and 450 serve this section of Western Avenue. The City will be evaluating transit signal priority and bus rapid transit during the design phase and improving bus stop locations throughout the corridor.

Pedestrians/Bicycle:

Bicycle facilities will be incorporated within the project, including separated facilities where feasible.

Safety

Over the 2014–16 period, the project area experienced 760 crashes, 195 of which involved bodily injury. In addition, roadway operational improvements are anticipated to improve safety.

System Preservation and Modernization

The roadway will be completely reconstructed.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

The addition of bicycle facilities and pedestrian improvements will provide transportation options that could shift travelers away from the single-occupant vehicle.

Transportation Equity

The project area meets equity criteria for minority, low English proficiency, and disabled populations, and low-income and zero-vehicle households. Project-area residents will benefit primarily from intersection safety improvements and new, corridor-length bicycle lanes.

Economic Vitality

Western Avenue conveys both transit and vehicular population to and from residences, local businesses, offices, restaurants, and grocery stores along the corridor, as well as providing regional roadway and transit connectivity between Salem and Peabody to the north and Boston to the south. Improving safety, efficiency, and aesthetics along the corridor for all users will further the City of Lynn’s goals to promote investment and quality development along Western Avenue and throughout the City. Western Avenue will provide regional access via Route 107 to the One Lynn District, a MassDevelopment Transformative Development Initiative district in the City’s downtown offering arts-based residential, retail, and diverse restaurant development in proximity to the Central Square MBTA commuter rail station.

Figure 4-6
Reconstruction of Western Avenue (Route 107) Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Natick: Bridge Replacement, Route 27 (North Main Street) over Route 9 (Worcester Street) and Interchange Improvements ($25,897,370)

Project Description

The project involves modifying the existing three quadrant cloverleaf interchange to provide a partial cloverleaf ramping system with auxiliary lanes on Route 9. The project includes replacing the substandard bridge, approach work, and drainage improvements and adding bike lanes and sidewalks where the infrastructure does not exist.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

The interchange experiences peak-period queuing, resulting in traffic backups onto Route 9. The proposed simplified ramp system and the addition of auxiliary lanes on Route 9 will improve traffic flow through the interchange system.

Pedestrians/Bicycle:

There are currently no compliant sidewalks or bike lanes on the bridge. Only one side of the bridge has sidewalks, which are in poor condition. This project will also provide a pedestrian and bicycle link between the neighborhoods north of Route 9 with Natick Center and the Cochituate Rail Trail.

Safety

Roadway geometry and sight distances do not meet modern safety standards. The interchange currently does not accommodate pedestrian and bicycle travel. Over the 2014–16 period there were 362 crashes, 37 of which involved bodily injury.

System Preservation and Modernization

The bridge was built in 1931 and, because of advanced deterioration, is now on a MassDOT accelerated inspection program.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Route 9 experiences localized flooding under this bridge during storms. The capacity of the drainage system will be expanded as part of this project. The sidewalk system will be reconstructed to modern standards, including improved access to MetroWest bus stops.

Transportation Equity

The project area meets equity criteria for elderly population. Project area residents will benefit primarily from the reconstructed sidewalk system.

Economic Vitality

The reconstructed interchange will improve truck movements through this area. The project environs has a number of truck dependent commercial activities.

Figure 4-7
Bridge Replacement, Route 27 (North Main Street) over Route 9 (Worcester Street) and Interchange Improvements Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Somerville: McGrath Boulevard ($66,170,710)

Project Description

The proposed improvements will remove the existing McCarthy Viaduct and replace it with an at-grade urban boulevard, approximately 0.7 miles long, from the Gilman Street Bridge in the north to Squires Bridge in the south. The project will provide pedestrian and bicycle accommodation along the length of the reconstructed corridor, and opportunities for dedicated bus lanes/queue jump facilities are being considered. The project will result in more conventional intersection configurations at Washington Street and Somerville Avenue, which are currently under or next to the viaduct. Removing the viaduct will physically reconnect the neighborhoods of Somerville with more direct vehicle, pedestrian, bicycle, and transit networks.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

The proposed McGrath Boulevard will create conventional intersections that provide clear direction and safer operation for all modes of transportation along the corridor.

Transit:

MBTA Routes 80 and 88 provide bus service in this corridor with connections to the MBTA Green Line at Lechmere Station, and will have direct access to the Green Line Extension in the future, connecting the corridor to Boston, Cambridge, and Medford. Removing the viaduct will provide additional connectivity for existing bus routes along and across the proposed McGrath Boulevard.

Pedestrians/Bicycle:

New sidewalks and bicycle facilities will be provided for the length of the proposed McGrath Boulevard and will connect with the extended Community Path, creating access to a more regional bicycle transportation network. The proposed facilities will provide direct intermodal connections to existing bus routes and the new Green Line Station.

Safety

There is one HSIP crash cluster in the project area, as well as a bicycle and pedestrian crash cluster.

System Preservation and Modernization

Three lane-miles of substandard pavement, 1.5 miles of substandard sidewalk, and a substandard bridge will be improved as part of this project. Eliminating the McCarthy viaduct also will serve to reduce long-term maintenance costs.

Transportation Equity

The project area meets equity criteria for minority, limited English proficiency, and disability populations, and low-income and zero-vehicle households. Most of the safety, transit, and bicycle/pedestrian mobility benefits will be realized by project area residents.

Economic Vitality

The project provides access to the Inner Belt/Brickbottom, Union Square, and Boynton Yards Priority Development Areas in Somerville, which are designated for high-intensity, equitable, transit-oriented, mixed-use commercial and residential development. Redeveloping these three areas in Somerville should add 3,000 new housing units (at least 600 of which are permanently affordable to low- and moderate-income households) and an additional 6.5 million square feet of commercial development.

Figure 4-8
McGrath Boulevard Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Walpole: Route 1A Reconstruction ($19,906,000)

Project Description

The purpose of this project is to improve safety and overall traffic operation conditions along Route 1A just north of Route 27 to the Norwood town line (approximately 2.14 miles). Route 1A will have a uniform roadway width allowing room for bicycle travel. There will be new sidewalks along both sides of the road except for the segment between Bullard/Willet Street intersection and the Norwood town line.

This project also includes intersection improvements. Signal timing and phasing will be coordinated to provide the optimal traffic operation through the Route 1A corridor. An emergency pre-emption system and a pushbutton actuated pedestrian phase will also be included as a part of the proposed signal system. Pedestrian crosswalks will be provided at the intersections. The intersections with Route 1A include the following:

• North Street—geometric modifications and installation of signal
• Stop & Shop Driveway—minor geometric modifications
• Plimpton Street—minor geometric modifications
• Gould Street/Page Avenue—geometric modifications and installation of signal
• Fisher Street—geometric modifications and installation of signal
• Bullard/Willett Streets—geometric modifications and installation of signal

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

This project includes intersection improvements. Signal timing and phasing will be coordinated to provide the optimal traffic operation through the Route 1A corridor.

Pedestrians/Bicycle:

New sidewalks will be constructed along both sides of the road through a portion of the project area. An emergency pre-emption system and a pushbutton actuated pedestrian phase will also be included as a part of the proposed signal system. Pedestrian crosswalks will be provided at the intersections.

Safety

The project area has two HSIP high-crash locations. Sidewalks in the project area are either substandard or do not exist.

System Preservation and Modernization

Pavement is in poor condition and pavement markings are almost nonexistent.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Adding or rebuilding sidewalks will expand the use of walking in the corridor. There is an overall air quality benefit from the proposed improvements.

Transportation Equity

This project is not within an environmental justice area.

Economic Vitality

About one-third of the corridor frontage is commercial. Missing sidewalks and the lack of defined curb cuts creates problems related to both safety and commercial access.

Figure 4-9
Route 1A Reconstruction Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Woburn: Bridge Replacement, New Boston Street over MBTA ($15,482,660)

Project Description

A bridge on New Boston Street at the northern end of Woburn Industrial Park will be constructed. New Boston Street then will cross the MBTA’s Lowell Line and connect with Woburn Street in Wilmington. This connection existed until approximately 30 years ago when the bridge was destroyed by fire and not reconstructed. Also included in this project is the reconstruction of approximately 1,850 feet of New Boston Street.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

No traffic studies have been performed to date; however, reopening this bridge would provide a second means of access to the growing Industri-Plex area for residents of Wilmington and communities to the north, as well as for emergency vehicles from the North Woburn fire station.

Transit:

The Anderson Regional Transportation Center (RTC) is located just south of the proposed New Boston Street Bridge. The new bridge would provide an additional automobile access point for park-and-ride and transit services offered at the RTC.

Pedestrians/Bicycle:

Nonmotorized modes will be major beneficiaries of this project. The new network link will eliminate the need to use circuitous alternate routes for many local and regional trips.

Safety

There is no recent crash history at the project location. Safety benefits may be realized at other locations that will have less traffic.

System Preservation and Modernization

An existing stretch of New Boston Street will be rebuilt as part of this project.

Transportation Equity

This project is not within an environmental justice area.

Economic Vitality

This project is entirely within an MPO-designated priority development area. The majority of the land in the New Boston Street area in Woburn is zoned for industrial use; existing development in the area is primarily commercial/industrial. With the opening of the Anderson RTC and I-93 Interchange 37C serving the Industri-Plex developments, the City of Woburn anticipates more office and retail development in the project area over the next few years. Just north of the proposed project in Wilmington, the land is zoned industrial and includes Southeast Wilmington Industrial Park. Further north on Woburn Street in Wilmington, the land is zoned residential up to Route 129.

Figure 4-10
Bridge Replacement, New Boston Street over MBTA Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Major Infrastructure Project Descriptions: Commonwealth Funded Projects

Boston: Cypher Street Extension ($9,323,250)

Project Description

This project includes the reconstruction of Cypher Street from A Street to D Street and the construction of a new Cypher extension from D Street to E Street. The project also includes the reconstruction of E Street from Cypher Street to Fargo Street to Summer Street. Cypher Street and E Street will be built to standards appropriate for use as a designated truck route. The work includes new sidewalks and pavement, traffic signal systems, and separated bike lanes. The intersection of Cypher Street and South Boston Bypass Road will be designed to accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

Peak-period congestion is a problem at intersections throughout the South Boston Waterfront. Currently, most truck trips need to pass through congested intersections. The proposed corridor serves the industrial areas most directly and will remove substantial numbers of trucks from congested intersections. This corridor will be open to light vehicles, though use of the Bypass Road may be restricted.

Pedestrians/Bicycle:

New bicycle lanes and sidewalks will be constructed along Cypher Street and the intersection of Cypher Street and South Boston Bypass Road will be designed to accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians.

Safety

The South Boston Waterfront is experiencing strong growth in diverse commercial and residential activities. Truck-dependent freight activities still operate successfully in parts of the port area, and some of these industries are experiencing expansion. This route will connect trucks with the Southeast Expressway on a safe path most removed from the growing commercial and residential areas.

System Preservation and Modernization

Cypher Street and E Street are local streets, but they will be rebuilt to standards appropriate for heavy trucking.

Transportation Equity

This project is not within an environmental justice area.

Economic Vitality

The South Boston Bypass Road/Cypher Street/E Street/Summer Street corridor has been designated by the MPO as a Critical Urban Freight Corridor and has been incorporated into the National Highway Freight Network.

Figure 4-11
Cypher Street Extension Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Boston: Allston Multimodal ($1,200,000,000)

Project Description

The Allston Multimodal Project is the result of the need to replace the structurally deficient, functionally obsolete Allston Viaduct and the opportunity to reduce dramatically the footprint of the existing Allston Interchange toll plaza made possible by the implementation (through a separate project) of All Electronic Tolling (AET). The southern limit of the project includes the CSX Beacon Park Rail Yard, just north of the Boston University Athletic Center. The northern limit of the work is near the I-90 Allston interchange ramps.

The project will improve multimodal connectivity in the neighborhood and preserve and enhance regional mobility. Among other items, the program will include bicycle and pedestrian improvements to Cambridge Street and connections to the Charles River; a replaced viaduct to carry traffic safely and efficiently to and from Boston; the realignment of I-90; the construction of a new MBTA commuter rail station; and a restored layover yard for commuter rail trains. Funding sources for this project will be a combination of toll revenue, general obligation bonds, state obligation bonds, and federal funds. Public-private partnership opportunities and other contributions will also be explored.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

The elevated viaduct carries I-90 through the Allston/Brighton area with Cambridge Street and Soldiers Field Road to the north and Brighton Avenue to the south. This section of I-90 has an average daily traffic volume of approximately 144,000 vehicles. The viaduct is the primary east-west route between Western Massachusetts, Worcester, and Boston, and experiences extensive vacation traffic during the weekends in the summer and winter. Average daily traffic volumes on I-90 west of the Allston Interchange are 142,000 vehicles and east of the Allston interchange are 147,000 vehicles. Average daily traffic volumes on Cambridge Street are 38,000 vehicles, 66,000 vehicles on Soldiers Field Road, and 66,000 vehicles on the Allston Interchange Ramps.

The project creates an opportunity to improve livability and connectivity for residents of the Allston neighborhood while preserving and enhancing regional mobility through improvements to I-90 and its abutting interchange and the creation of a new stop on the Worcester/Framingham Commuter Line to be known as West Station. This project will improve traffic flow through the project area and will include Complete Streets improvements to Cambridge Street.

Transit:

The project will include significant transit enhancements including West Station and a commuter rail layover, which will provide access and operational improvements to the commuter rail. It will also be an intermodal focal point for local bus service.

Pedestrians/Bicycle:

The project will provide enhanced bicycle and pedestrian connectivity among the different parts of Allston around the project area and the Charles River.

Safety

This section of I-90 does not meet modern design standards. It lacks breakdown lanes, an intrinsically unsafe condition. Over the 2014–16 period there were 326 crashes in the project area, 43 of which involved bodily injury. The project will straighten the I-90 mainline to take full advantage of the safety enhancements made possible through the AET project. The replaced I-90 Allston Viaduct will also ensure that this section of a critical regional highway can continue to carry traffic safely and efficiently to and from Boston.

System Preservation and Modernization

The I-90 Allston viaduct is nearing the end of its useful lifespan and must be replaced to prevent the bridge from becoming structurally deficient. The replacement of the bridge provides an opportunity to reconfigure the Allston Interchange, which dates to the 1965 extension of the Massachusetts Turnpike to downtown Boston. This project is in alignment with MassDOT’s plan for AET, which will operate at highway speeds.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Current plans include bicycle and pedestrian accommodations to be constructed where practicable on the arterial roadways throughout the project area. It will connect roadways between Cambridge Street and I-90 and be built, to the fullest extent practical and safe, using Complete Streets principles to signal clearly to motorists leaving the highway that they are entering a community.

Transportation Equity

This project is not within an environmental justice area.

Economic Vitality

The planned reconstructed roadways and bicycle and pedestrian systems are integral to transforming this area from an extensive center of freight rail and regional highway infrastructure to an academic and research community with updated and streamlined transportation infrastructure.

Figure 4-12
Allston Multimodal Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Hopkinton and Westborough: Reconstruction of Interstate 90 and Interstate 495 Interchange ($321,000,000)

Project Description

The purpose of the I-495/I-90 Interchange Improvements project is to improve safety and operational efficiency at the system interchange of these two nationally and regionally significant interstate highways. This project will increase safety for all movements within the project area and address chronically deficient traffic conditions for the movement of people and goods. In addition, this project will support planned growth in the region and accommodate future traffic demand at acceptable LOSand travel time through the interchange. The I-495/I-90 Interchange Improvements project is currently in the design and environmental review phases.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal Area

Capacity Management/Mobility

Roadways:

On an average day, about 75,000 vehicles use the I-90/I-495 interchange. In the immediate area, I-90 carries approximately 100,000 vehicles and I-495 carries approximately 110,000 daily. Historically, congestion at this interchange has been associated with the toll plazas. The implementation of the AET System and the removal of the toll plazas did not eliminate the congestion and safety issues at this interchange. Several of the ramps currently operate at LOS “D” or worse, and will be improved significantly with the proposed changes. This is a limited-access interchange, so pedestrian and bicycle use are prohibited.

Safety

This location has been identified in the MassDOT Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) as a hazardous road location and includes a crash cluster that ranks within the top five percent of crashes in the Boston region. Sharp curves on both ramps have led to numerous accidents, including rollovers of large trucks. The project will also eliminate conflicts as a result of weaving movements.

System Preservation and Modernization

The current interchange geometry is substandard, and the geometric modifications will be a substantial improvement. In addition, there will be improvements to the existing bridges, including bridge deck replacement, rehabilitation, and bridge replacement, as well as significant reconstruction.

Transportation Equity

This project is not within an environmental justice area.

Economic Vitality

Nearly half of the trucks entering eastern Massachusetts use this interchange. A goal of this project is to make improvements to this interchange that will substantially benefit the distribution of goods and services throughout the state. In turn, this will help facilitate both regional commerce and anticipated local growth. In addition, the region surrounding the interchange is identified as a Priority Development Area.

Figure 4-13
Reconstruction of Interstate 90 and Interstate 495 Interchange Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Descriptions of Major Infrastructure Projects in the Boston Region that are funded in Other MPO's LRTPs

Southborough and Westborough: Interstate 495 and Route 9 ($30,000,000)

Project Description

A study for I-495/Route 9 Interchange improvements to identify traffic congestion and safety issues surrounding the I-495, I-90, and Route 9 interchanges because of employment and population growth in surrounding communities was completed in 2011. The study identified a number of issues associated with

• peak period travel;
• high volumes of commuter traffic;
• congestion at the interchanges;
• geometric and safety deficiencies;
• limited public transit options;
• poor pedestrian and bicycle access; and
• lack of capacity to accommodate future growth.

A broad range of alternatives was developed to improve safety, reduce congestion, provide alternatives to travel by single-occupancy vehicle, and support future commercial and industrial growth in the area. It was determined that no single alternative alone addressed all of the study area issues; rather, a multimodal solution, consisting of highway, transit, pedestrian and bicycle improvement strategies, was recommended. 

The alternative funded by the Central Massachusetts MPO (CMMPO) for the I-495/Route 9 Interchange improvement project includes bridge reconstruction and the installation of braided ramps. The project is programmed in the FFY 2025–29 time band of CMMPO LRTP.

Figure 4-14
Interstate 495 and Route 9 Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

Boston to Taunton, Fall River, and New Bedford: South Coast Rail ($1,009,600,000)

Project Description

The Commonwealth is committed to moving forward with the South Coast Rail project to serve the existing and future demand for public transportation between Fall River and New Bedford and Boston, enhance regional mobility, and support smart growth planning and development strategies in southeastern Massachusetts.

The project takes a phased approach to delivering service while proceeding with the design and permitting of the Stoughton Electric Full Build alternative. Phasing will shorten the time by at least 10 years to implement service; minimize wetlands impact; and reduce the overall project costs by starting construction sooner. Phase 1 is projected to result in approximately 1,600 new daily inbound boardings at new stations along the route.

The MBTA’s 2020–24 Capital Investment Program (CIP) includes full funding for Phase 1 construction and service via the Middleborough route. A finance plan for Phase 1 of the program has been developed in concert with the Commonwealth’s Executive Office of Administration and Finance.

The South Coast Rail will be built in phases. Phase 1 will accomplish the following:

• Provide a one-seat ride by extending the existing Middleborough/Lakeville commuter rail service from Boston to Taunton, Fall River, and New Bedford
• Use the Middleborough Secondary (currently a freight line) to connect south coast passengers with service on the existing Middleborough/Lakeville commuter rail line
• Reconstruct 17.3 miles of the New Bedford Main Line and 11.7 miles of the Fall River Secondary
• Upgrade the existing Middleborough Secondary track from Pilgrim Junction to Cotley Junction (a distance of 7.1 miles)
• Operate three morning peak trains and three evening peak trains to both New Bedford and Fall River
• Operate up to six morning and six evening peak trains to Taunton and Middleborough because all of the trains will pass through these communities
• Deliver service to the South Coast late in 2023, years before service is possible under the Full Build Project

At the same time, MassDOT will proceed with designing, permitting, and funding the Stoughton Straight Electric Alternative (Full Build Project), which was already reviewed under the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act. The Full Build Project will travel on the Stoughton Main Line and Northeast Corridor (north of Canton Junction). The Southeastern Massachusetts MPO has programmed this project in the FFYs 2020–25 time band of its LRTP using Commonwealth funds.

Figure 4-15
South Coast Rail Project Area

Source: Boston Region MPO.

MPO Investment Program Descriptions

In addition to the major infrastructure investment program discussed in the previous section, the MPO programmed five other types of investment programs in the recommended LRTP:

• Intersection Improvement
• Complete Streets
• Bicycle Network and Pedestrian Connectiosn
• Community Connections
• Transit Modernization

Projects included as part of these programs can be programmed in the TIP directly without first being listed in the LRTP because they do not add capacity to the transportation network. They would need to be listed in the LRTP only if they cost more than $20 million.

The first three programs include types of projects that are regularly programmed in the TIP. The fourth program, previously known as Community Transportation/Parking/Clean Air and Mobility, was created as part of the Charting Progress to 2040 LRTP. A study to establish the implementation of this program was conducted as part of the MPO’s 2018 Unified Planning Work Program and funding was included in the TIP beginning in FFY 2021. A new program, Transit Modernization, was included based on recommendations from the Needs Assessment and public input.

These programs are discussed below, along with how they will address the MPO’s goals and objectives.

Intersection Improvement Program

Program Description

This program will fund intersection projects that modernize existing signals or add signals to improve safety and mobility. Improvements also could consist of the addition of turning lanes, shortened crossing distances for pedestrians, and striping and lighting for bicyclists. Improvements to sidewalks and curb cuts also will enhance accessibility for pedestrians. Updated signal operations will reduce delay and improve bus transit reliability.

The following are examples of intersection projects that are programmed in the MPO’s FFYs
2020–24 TIP:

• Improvements at Lowell Street and Woburn Street in Wilmington
• Traffic signal installation at Edgell Road and Central Street in Framingham

Average Cost per Project

An average cost of $2.8 million per intersection project was determined based on similar projects that the MPO has funded in the past and those that are awaiting potential funding in future TIPs.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal

Capacity Management/Mobility

Intersection projects can reduce congestion, which would improve mobility and reduce emissions. Improvements can include bicycle and pedestrian elements to improve mobility for bicyclists, and mobility and accessibility for pedestrians.

Safety

Intersection projects can improve safety at high-crash locations for motorists, trucks, pedestrian, and bicyclists. Improvements can consist of upgraded geometry, shortened crossing distances, and enhanced signage and lighting.

System Preservation and Modernization

Intersection projects can improve pavement condition and modernize signal equipment.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Intersection projects can reduce emissions because of enhanced operations for all vehicles, and through mode shift, accompanied by improvements in transit reliability and bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure.

Transportation Equity

Improvements to intersections can enhance transit services and provide better and more bicycle and pedestrian connections.

Economic Vitality

Intersection projects can reduce congestion by improving signal timings, which will improve mobility and access to centers of economic activity. Improvements can include pedestrian and bicycle elements that will improve mobility for bicyclists, and mobility and accessibility for pedestrians in centers of economic activity.

Complete Streets Program

Program Description

The Complete Streets Program modernizes roadways to improve safety and mobility for all users. Improvements can consist of continuous sidewalks and bicycle lanes, cycle tracks, and other bicycle facilities, as well as updated signals at intersections along a corridor. Improvements could also address other roadway infrastructure in the corridor, such as bridges, drainage, pavement, and roadway geometry. They will reduce delay and improve bus transit reliability. Expanded transportation options and better access to transit will improve mobility for all and encourage mode shift.

Examples of Complete Streets projects that are programmed in the MPO’s FFYs 2020–24 TIP include the following:

• Rehabilitation of Essex Street in Lynn
• Reconstruction of Route 38 (Main Street) in Wilmington
• Rehabilitation of Beacham Street in Everett
• Reconstruction on Foster Street in Littleton

In addition to the improvements described above, the MPO set aside additional funding in this program for dedicated bus lane projects along with associated improvements.

The following are examples of bus lane projects that were piloted in 2018–19:

• Arlington (MBTA Routes 77, 79, and 350)
• Everett (MBTA Routes 97, 110, and 112)
• Roslindale (Boston) (10 MBTA Routes)

Average Cost per Project

An average cost of $8 million per mile of Complete Streets improvements was established based on similar projects that the MPO has funded in the past and projects awaiting potential funding in future TIPs.

To estimate costs of funding for dedicated bus lanes and associated improvements, the MBTA provided MPO staff with the estimated cost per mile for a dedicated bus lane in one direction; the costs would be doubled for projects that install bus lanes in both directions. The total estimated construction cost per mile for one side of roadway is $510,700.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal

Capacity Management/Mobility

Complete Streets projects can increase transportation options by adding new sidewalks, bus lanes, and bicycle facilities. They also can improve mobility for transit services.

Safety

Complete Streets projects can modernize the roadway network to provide safe conditions for all modes of travel along the corridor. Improvements could consist of lane reconfiguration, traffic signal and access improvements for motorists, new sidewalks, curb ramps, improved roadway crossings for pedestrians, and continuous bicycle facilities to reduce conflicts between bicyclists and motor vehicles.

System Preservation and Modernization

Complete Streets projects can address pavement condition, upgrade sidewalk and bicycle accommodations, and improve bridges and culverts (including adaptations to transportation infrastructure that is vulnerable to climate change and other hazards).

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Complete Streets projects with bicycle, pedestrian, and transit infrastructure improvements can help to reduce vehicle miles of travel (VMT) through improved operations and mode shift.

Transportation Equity

Complete Streets projects in environmental justice areas can provide better access to transit, generally improved operations, and improved pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure.

Economic Vitality

Complete Streets projects can increase transportation options and access to places of employment and centers of economic activity by improving traffic operations and transit and adding sidewalks and bicycle facilities.

Bicycle Network and Pedestrian Connection Program

Program Description

This program will expand bicycle and pedestrian networks to improve safe access to transit, school, employment centers, and shopping destinations. Bicycle and pedestrian connection projects could include constructing new, off-road bicycle or multi-use paths, improving bicycle and pedestrian crossings, or building new sidewalks. Improvements can also consist of traffic calming, sidewalk network expansion, and upgrades similar to those in a Complete Streets Program, or enhanced signage and lighting.

An example of a bicycle project that is funded through this program in the MPO’s FFYs 2020–24 TIP is the Independence Greenway Extension in Peabody.

Average Cost per Project

Project costs for sample bicycle and pedestrian projects were examined using evaluated TIP projects, the MPO’s Bicycle Network Evaluation, and bicycle travel information from the 2011 Massachusetts Household Survey to develop an average cost of $3 million per mile. 

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal

Capacity Management/Mobility

Projects in the Bicycle Network and Pedestrian Connection Program can increase transportation options, provide access to transit or other activity centers, and support first-mile/last-mile connections.

Safety

Projects in this program can create a safe pedestrian and bicycle corridor that connects activity centers while avoiding high-crash locations on the roadway system. They can include safety improvements to facilitate pedestrian access to transit or other activity centers.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure improvements can help to reduce VMT through mode shift.

Transportation Equity

Projects in environmental justice areas in this program can provide better access to transit and improved pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure.

Economic Vitality

Bicycle and pedestrian projects can increase transportation options and access to places of employment and centers of economic activity by adding new sidewalks and bicycle facilities and improving operations.

Community Connections Program

Program Description

This program includes a combination of the following types of projects:

• Transit Operations: Projects that close gaps in the transit network (first-mile/last-mile shuttles, partnerships with transportation network companies, transit enhancements, and technology updates)
• Parking Management: Additional parking for automobiles and bicycles, and leasing off-site parking near transit stations with shuttle connections
• Bicycle and Pedestrian Improvements: Bicycle and pedestrian improvements for transit access, improvements to nonautomotive transportation infrastructure for travelers with mobility impairments, and training and equipment for bicycles on transit
• Education and Wayfinding: Projects could include travel instruction, training on new technologies, signage, and pilot or demonstration projects
• Connect Elderly Adults with Transportation: Projects that connect elderly adults with transportation options, such as transportation network companies

Average Cost per Project

• Transit Operations: Staff estimates that an average cost for this type of service would be approximately $1.5 million per year.
• Parking Management: The average cost for an automobile parking space is $35,000.
• Bicycle and Pedestrian Improvements: Based on review of projects funded through this program in the past, the costs vary widely depending on the project.
• Education and Wayfinding: Costs could vary widely depending on the project.
• Connect Elderly Adults with Transportation: This is a new addition to the program; costs could vary widely depending on the project.

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal

Capacity Management/Mobility

Projects in this program can increase transit ridership by expanding automobile and bicycle parking at commuter rail and rapid transit stations. The program will also provide funding for starting new, locally developed transit services and supporting first-mile/last-mile connections. It will also provide mobility options for elderly adults.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure improvements, locally developed transit services, and first-mile/last-mile connections can help to reduce VMT and reduce emissions through mode shift.

Transportation Equity

The program can provide funding for starting new, locally developed transit services that include transit vehicles and coordination of service to transportation equity populations in suburban areas.

Economic Vitality

The program can provide funding for starting new, locally developed transit services and support first-mile/last-mile connections to places of employment and areas of economic activity.

Transit Modernization Program

Program Description

This investment program would flex MPO discretionary funding to transit maintenance and modernization projects identified through coordination with the MassDOT, MBTA, MetroWest Regional Transit Authority, and the Cape Ann Transportation Authority. It could also include climate resiliency projects to improve transit infrastructure. Increasing investments in transit modernization and maintenance projects would allow the MPO to use its discretionary funding to augment planned transit improvements throughout the region and help the MPO reach its goals established in the LRTP. 

The following are examples of projects that could be funded through this investment program:

• Accessibility Improvements
• Station Modernization Improvements
• Parking Improvements at Stations
• Infrastructure State of Good Repair Projects
• Fleet Modernization
• Bus Maintenance Facilities Upgrades

Project Context and Possible Impacts by MPO Goal

Capacity Management/Mobility

Parking improvements at stations would support first-mile/last-mile access to transit. Eligible projects could include upgrades at existing parking facilities or new or expanded parking facilities to improve access to MBTA stations.

System Preservation and Modernization

Station modernization improvements would support this goal by funding system upgrades, customer amenities, or capacity enhancements at existing rapid transit and commuter rail stations. Fleet modernization projects could include planned replacements of regional transit authority (RTA) buses and MBTA bus and Silver Line fleets with a mix of hybrid and battery electric vehicles, replacement of single-level commuter rail coaches with higher capacity bi-level coaches, and various other upgrades and overhauls to improve service reliability.

Infrastructure state of good repair projects could include investments to upgrade track, signals, and power systems to improve service reliability and enhance climate resiliency. Bus maintenance facilities upgrades could include projects that upgrade and replace bus maintenance facilities to improve state of good repair, support additional capacity, and accommodate the future fleets.

Clean Air/Sustainable Communities

Fleet modernization projects could support this goal by funding planned replacements of RTA buses and MBTA bus and Silver Line fleets with a mix of hybrid and battery electric vehicles, replacement of single-level commuter rail coaches with higher capacity bi-level coaches, and various other upgrades and overhauls to improve emissions.

Transportation Equity

Accessibility improvements could include construction or replacement of redundant elevators at MBTA rapid transit or commuter rail stations, installing high-level platforms at presently inaccessible stations, or removing other barriers to accessibility at stations and MBTA and RTA bus stops. Station modernization improvements could include system upgrades, customer amenities, or capacity enhancements at existing rapid transit and commuter rail stations, improving mobility to transportation equity populations. 

MBTA Capital Investment Program Descriptions

The CIP is a guide to the MBTA’s planned capital spending in future fiscal years (FYs). The document describes the MBTA’s infrastructure and the capital needs for maintaining the system, outlines ongoing and programmed capital projects, and details planned projects to expand the transportation network.

The MBTA recently released its five-year CIP for FYs 2020–24. Projects in the CIP are selected through a prioritization process that strives to balance capital needs across the entire range of MBTA transit services. Given the MBTA’s vast array of infrastructure and the need for prudent expansion, the number of capital needs identified each year usually exceeds the MBTA’s capacity to provide capital funds. Therefore, the MBTA engages in an annual prioritization and selection process to select the needs with the highest priority for funding and inclusion in the CIP.

The three priorities for CIP investment, in order of importance are reliability, modernization, and expansion. The reliability program maintains and improves the overall condition and reliability of the transportation system and includes the following tasks and projects:

• Necessary and routine maintenance
• State of good repair projects designed to primarily bring asset condition up to an acceptable level
• Asset management and system preservation projects

The modernization program makes the transportation system safer and more accessible and accommodates growth. The following tasks and projects are included as part of the modernization program:

• Compliance with federal mandates or other statutory requirements for safety and/or accessibility improvements
• Projects that go beyond state of good repair and substantially modernize existing assets
• Projects that provide expanded capacity to accommodate current or anticipated demand on existing transportation systems

The expansion program includes diverse transportation options for communities throughout the Commonwealth.

To measure the need for capital expenditures devoted to maintaining and replacing existing infrastructure for the transit system, the MBTA employs an asset management program to help guide its capital decisions. The existing asset management program helps the MBTA monitor system conditions and prioritize investments based on, among other factors, condition, usage, asset criticality, and maintenance and life-cycle cost impacts. Over time, MassDOT plans to increase both the rigor and the transparency of all of its asset management systems so that state of good repair programs and other projects can be prioritized more easily and compared with one another.

Below is a description of the programs funded by the MBTA to maintain the transit system.

Revenue Vehicles Program

Description

The revenue vehicle fleet is one of the most visible components of the MBTA's service network. These are the trains, buses, and other vehicles that passengers board every day (that is, all vehicles that carry passengers in revenue service). Scheduled major overhauls, maintenance, and planned retirements allow the fleet to reach its useful life and prevent the unwarranted consumption of resources to maintain its reliability. This program rehabilitates and replaces the MBTA revenue fleet, including commuter rail, heavy rail, light rail, bus, and ferry units.

Costs

In the FYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA allocated 32 percent of its transit reliability investment capital funds to the revenue vehicles program, the largest share of any program area. The MBTA will employ its asset management program to help guide its capital decisions for this program in the future. However, it is expected that funding for this program will continue to require a large share of the capital resources in the future.

Tracks, Signals, and Power Program

Program Description

This program rehabilitates, replaces, and upgrades track, signal, and power assets across the commuter rail and transit system.

Tracks: Several types of track can be found throughout the MBTA system, depending on the service; for example, commuter rail or rapid transit. The right-of-way for heavy rail rapid transit track often includes an electrified third rail through which subway cars receive the traction power needed for movement.

Signals: The primary responsibility of the MBTA signal system is to control trains for efficient spacing and run times, making it an integral part of the transit system. The signal system’s goal is to maintain train separation while attempting to minimize headways and run times.

Power: While power for the MBTA’s network is supplied by an outside utility, the MBTA transforms and distributes electricity over its own system to power the entire network of subway, trackless trolley, and light rail lines. The capital equipment in this power program is essential to operations. It supplies electricity to subway trains and trolleys for the traction power needed for movement; to the signal systems for the power needed to control the trains; and to the stations to operate their lights, elevators, escalators, and other equipment. The MBTA’s power program, arguably one of the least visible elements to passengers, is one of the most complex, important, far-reaching, and expensive systems for the MBTA to maintain.

Costs

In the FYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA allocated 23 percent of its transit reliability investment capital funds to the track, signal, and power program. This program is crucial for supporting the safe and efficient operations of trains system wide. Funding will always be allocated for this program; however, based on allocations in past CIPs, the funding will vary depending on the needs identified by the asset management program.

Bridge and Tunnel Program

Program Description

MBTA’s bridges require continued maintenance and rehabilitation. This program repairs, reconstructs, and replaces MBTA commuter rail and transit bridges and tunnels system wide. The MBTA bridge inspection program is tailored to ensure that bridge repairs are prioritized and that all bridges receive adequate attention.

Costs

In the FYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA allocated 16 percent of its transit reliability investment capital funds to the bridge and tunnel program. The MBTA prioritizes its bridges through its bridge inspection program. Funding will always be allocated for this program; however, based on allocations in past CIPs, the funding will vary depending on the needs identified by the asset management program.

Stations Program

Program Description

MBTA stations are one of the most visible components of the transit system; they provide access to rapid transit, light rail, commuter rail, and Silver Line services in the MBTA transit system. Many of the bus stops also have bus shelters of various kinds. This program rehabilitates and upgrades MBTA stations (for example, commuter rail, commuter boat, subway, and bus stations), including accessibility upgrades and the system wide replacement of escalators and elevators.

Costs

In the FYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA allocated 11 percent of its transit reliability investment capital funds to the stations program. The MBTA will employ its asset management program to help guide its capital decisions for this program in the future. Funding will always be allocated for this program; however, based on allocations in past CIPs, the funding will vary depending on the needs identified by the asset management program.

Facilities Program

This program rehabilitates and upgrades maintenance and administrative facilities that support transit operations.

Costs

In the FYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA allocated 11 percent of its transit reliability investment capital funds to the facilities program. The MBTA will employ its asset management program to help guide its capital decisions for this program in the future. Funding will always be allocated for this program; however, based on allocations in past CIPs, the funding will vary depending on the needs identified by the asset management program.

Systems Upgrades Program

Program Description

This program upgrades multiple MBTA systems including communications, security, computer technology, fare collection, asset management, and environmental remediation systems. It also rehabilitates nonrevenue vehicles and equipment.

Costs

In the FYs 2020–24 CIP, the MBTA allocated seven percent of its transit reliability investment capital funds to the system upgrades program. The MBTA will employ its asset management program to help guide its capital decisions for this program in the future. Funding will always be allocated for this program; however, based on allocations in past CIPs, the funding will vary depending on the needs identified by the asset management program.

Model results and interpretation of the recommended plan

In Destination 2040, the Boston Region MPO provides a 20-year vision of the Boston region’s transportation needs. Land-use patterns, growth in employment and population, and trends in travel patterns affect demands on the region’s transportation system. To estimate future demands on the system for this LRTP, the MPO used a statewide travel demand forecast model. The model is a planning tool used to evaluate the effects of transportation alternatives given varying assumptions about population, employment, land use, and traveler behavior. The model is used to assess potential transportation projects in terms of air quality benefits, travel-time savings, and congestion reduction.

Description of the MPO Model Set

For Destination 2040, Central Transportation Planning Staff (CTPS) used the 2018 version of the statewide model. This version simulates a base year of 2016 and forecasts traffic volumes to 2040. The salient features of the recently updated statewide model are as follows:

• The geography covered by the statewide model includes all of Massachusetts, all of Rhode Island, and New Hampshire to a point just south of Concord
• Highway network representation is based on MassDOT’s road inventory system as of spring 2016. All roads classified as collectors or higher are included in the network. Roads in other states came from geographic information system databases from those states
• The transportation analysis zones (TAZs) were created by starting with the CTPS regional model zones for the 164 communities in the original MPO model.^4-1 Then, 2010 Census block groups for the remaining model geography were appended to the MPO model 
• The travel demand model is based on a traditional four-step modeling process: trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and assignment to the modes represented
• Trip generation, trip distribution, and mode choice equations in the model were based on the 2011 Massachusetts Household Travel Survey. This survey covered more than 15,000 households across the state
• Vehicle types represented in the highway assignment are single-occupant automobiles, high-occupancy automobiles (driver plus one or more passengers), light trucks (four-tire commercial vehicle), medium trucks (single unit with six or more tires), and heavy trucks (articulated vehicles). These truck definitions are consistent with the Transportation Research Board’s Quick Response Freight Forecasting Manual. Currently, transportation network companies (TNC) are not included in the model. Acquiring data and incorporating this information into the model is underway
• The model is designed to simulate an average annual weekday
• CTPS calibrated the model to 2016 conditions

Travel Demand Model Characteristics

As discussed earlier in this section, the Boston Region MPO uses a robust quantitative travel model framework that employs a traditional four-step planning process: trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and trip assignment. This travel demand model set simulates existing travel conditions and forecasts future-year travel on Massachusetts transit and highway systems. For a more accurate picture of travel demands in the Boston region, all communities within the state of Massachusetts are represented in the modeled area (the area from which people commute).

The model represents all MBTA rail and bus lines, private express-bus carriers, commuter boat services, limited-access highways and principal arterials, and many minor arterials and local roadways. The region is subdivided into 5,739 TAZs. The model set is made up of several models, each of which represents a step in the travel decision-making process (the four-step process). The model set simulates transportation supply characteristics and transportation demand for travel from every TAZ to every other TAZ.

This simulation is the result of several inputs (different categories of data). Two broad sets of these inputs are land use patterns, to identify amount and types of trips produced and how they are distributed (trip generation and trip distribution), and a transportation network with associated trip-making behavioral parameters, to allocate each trip onto different travel modes and onto a system of transportation network links (mode choice and trip assignments).

Land Use

The Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) is responsible for developing the land use inputs for the travel demand model. With guidance from an advisory panel (local jurisdiction staff, academic experts, and state agencies), MAPC and the MPO, as a joint effort, implemented an iterative land use-transportation model to quantify land use patterns, by answering the following set of questions:

• What will the MPO region look like in 2040?
  
  
• How many people will live here (population forecasts)?
• What will they be doing (economic forecasts)?
• Where will the activities take place (land use patterns)?
• How many trips will be made (trip-generation model)?
• How will these trip ends be connected to form round trips (trip-distribution model)?

The land use in the model is consistent with state control totals (established by MassDOT’s Office of Transportation Planning) for the horizon year of 2040. The University of Massachusetts Donahue Institute, under contract for MassDOT, completed these land use projections in December of 2018.

The process for developing 2040 land use forecasts in the context of travel demand analyses involves two basic factors or agents of growth: households and employment.

Household and employment control totals were developed for the region and individual municipalities. The process used current and historic growth trends from a number of databases at the federal (Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics), state (Massachusetts Department of Public Health), and local level (MAPC Development Database, local jurisdiction parcel database). Finally, an iterative land use transportation model was used to allocate these household/employment projections onto each TAZ. In this modeling framework, projected households and employers (agents) compete to locate in a landscape of various land use supplies, determined by economic factors (bid-rents) and zonal attraction characteristics (land-rent affordability, transportation connectivity).

For each TAZ, this process generated number of households, household characteristics, employment and other related activities, automobile ownership, and other variables that produce travel demand on transportation systems (see below for more details). More information on land use in the Boston Region MPO is included in Chapter 2 of the Destination 2040Needs Assessment.

Transportation Network

This data set was derived from various resources such as the Massachusetts Roadway Inventory File and the MBTA routes and schedules (see the Description of the MPO Model Set section for more details).

The model is used to answer the following questions: 

• What will the travel patterns in 2040 look like?
• How will travelers select a particular mode or a combination of modes for each trip (mode-choice model)?
• How will these trips choose network path links representing available alternative modes (trip-assignment model)?

All these data sets are updated on a regular basis to ensure reliability of forecasts.

Travel Demand under 2016 Base Year, 2040 No-Build, and 2040 Build Conditions

The travel model analysis for the LRTP consisted of several steps. First, MPO staff tested an existing conditions network with existing land use patterns, to simulate recent 2016 travel conditions. This constituted the model’s Base Year. Projects included for analysis in the Base Year model were deemed significant, as defined by the federal government, because of being statewide in nature, adding capacity, and having air quality impacts for the state as measured by the model. Existing land use information was derived from comprehensive land development and demographic databases maintained by MAPC, the MPO and other Massachusetts MPOs.

Next, staff incorporated a 2040 No-Build alternative into in the model. Staff structured this 2040 No-Build alternative around the 2016 Base Year and projects constructed between 2016 and 2018, in addition to those that are currently under construction and those programmed in the first year of theFFYs 2019–23 TIP.

The 2016 Base Year and 2040 No-Build scenarios provided a baseline against which the predicted effects of potential investments in the transportation system were measured.

Finally, staff developed an alternative set of projects called the 2040 Build Scenario through an investment scenario process discussed earlier inthis chapter. Staff analyzed this set of projects with the same 2040 No-Build land use assumptions in the travel demand model set. The following significant travel statistics were reported and compared from all of these conditions:

• Total VMT and vehicle-hours traveled (VHT) on a typical weekday
• Average speed of highway traffic
• Amount of air pollution produced by automobiles and transit vehicles
• Number of daily trips made by auto and transit
• Average daily fixed-route transit ridership by mode (rapid transit, bus, commuter rail, commuter boat, express bus)
• Percentage of people traveling by each travel mode

Selected travel-modeling results for the 2016 Base Year, 2040 No-Build, and 2040 Build scenarios are shown in Table 4-4.