Chapter 4—Regionwide Needs Assessment

Introduction

A critical early step in developing the LRTPis to gather, organize, and analyze available sources of data about the transportation system. This allows the MPO to understand the many needs that exist for all transportation modes.

After analyzing data included in the Web-based Needs Assessment described in Chapter 1, it is clear that the region has extensive maintenance and modernization requirements, including the need to address safety and mobility for all modes. MPO staff estimates that these needs likely would exceed the region’s anticipated financial resources between now and 2040. Therefore, the MPO must prioritize the region’s needs in order to guide investment decisions.

This chapter provides an overview of the MPO region’s transportation needs for the next twenty-five years. The information in this chapter has been organized according to the LRTP’s goals—which are used to evaluate projects in the Universe of Projects List both for scenario planning, and then project selection for the recommended LRTP. The LRTP’s goals are related to:  

• Safety
• System Preservation
• Capacity Management and Mobility
• Clean Air and Clean Communities
• Transportation Equity
• Economic Vitality

Information in each goal-based section of this chapter falls into these general categories:

• The goals and related objectives
• Background information for each goal
• The policy context that surrounds each goal, which includes:
1. Initiatives and directives that shape the goal and related needs. Detailed information about each of the policies is included in Appendix A.
2. Relevant studies, reports, and documents that help the MPO understand the region’s transportation needs. These studies are available on the Recent Studies page of the MPO website (www.bostonmpo.org/Drupal/Recent_Studies) or may be requested from the MPO. 
• Resources that contributed to establishing the regional transportation needs of a specific goal
• Public input on transportation needs related to a specific goal: to collect information about transportation needs, the MPO conducted a series of forums and subregional meetings, collected information on its website via online surveys, its ongoing public-comment route, and its transportation equity survey. Public input about needs may align with and support the needs identified through data collection and performance metrics. This input also provides a qualitative dimension to the MPO’s understanding of transportation needs and public expectations. It is important that the MPO is aware of the public’s views as it conducts its planning.
• A list of prioritized needs pertaining to a specific goal
• A list of potential programs that would help address each goal

Safety

Goals and Objectives

Existing Goal: 

Transportation by all modes will be safe.

Existing Objectives:

• Reduce number and severity of crashes, all modes
• Reduce serious injuries and fatalities from transportation
• Protect transportation customers and employees from safety and security threats

Background

Safety continues to be a top priority at the federal, state, and regional level. At the federal level, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century’s (MAP-21) established a goal to achieve significant reduction in traffic fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads. At the state level, goals in the Massachusetts Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) include:

• Reduce motor vehicle fatalities and hospitalizations by 20 percent in the five years following adoption of the SHSP (Short-Term Goal)
• Reduce by 50 percent the number of fatalities and serious injuries by 2030 (Interim Goal)
• Move Toward Zero Deaths and eliminate fatalities and serious injuries on the roadways (Long-Term Goal)

The MPO shares federal and state goals of reducing crash severity for all users of the transportation system. At the regional level, the MPO’s safety goal states, “transportation by all modes will be safe.” The MPO will support this goal by committing to take steps to reduce the number and severity of crashes, and serious injuries and fatalities caused by transportation modes. The MPO is making this commitment via two planning mechanisms currently in development: 1) the LRTP objectives, and 2) performance-measurement program.

Policy Context

Initiatives and Directives Shaping this Goal

• Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century
• United States Department of Transportation 23 CFR Parts 450 Subpart C – Metropolitan Transportation Planning and Programming Regulation
• Massachusetts Strategic Highway Safety Plan

Relevant MPO Studies, Reports, and Documents

Roadways and Intersections

• Safety and Operations Analysis at Selected Intersections studies, conducted between October 2009 and September 2013
• Operational Improvements at Selected Congested and High-Crash Locationsmemoranda
• Community Transportation Technical Assistancememoranda
• Addressing Safety, Mobility, and Access on Subregional Priority Roadways studies, conducted for the following locations:
  • Washington Street in Newton (FFY 2013–14)
  • Route 3A, Cohasset and Scituate Route 127A/127 Gloucester and Rockport (FFY 2013–14)
• Priority Corridors for LRTP Needs Assessment studies, conducted for the following locations:
  • Route 2 in Concord and Lincoln (FFY 2013)
  • Route 3 in Framingham and Natick (FFY 2013)
  • Route 114 in Danvers (FFY 2012)
  • Route 203 in Boston (FFY 2012) 
• Roundabout Installation Screening Tool, 2013

Transit

• Safe Access to Transit for Pedestrian and Bicyclists memorandum 2014 

Resources Used to Establish Transportation Needs

• LRTP Needs Assessment Application: Crash Data – Top five percent crash locations by equivalent property damage (EPDO) ratings
• Livability Indicators Database: Pedestrian and bicycle crash rates
• Truck Crashes: The MPO’s Crash Cluster map, which contains data for truck crashes from 2010–2012 by EPDO values
• Top Crash Locations: MassDOT’s interactive Top High Crash Intersection Locations map, which shows clusters of crashes that have been submitted to the statewide crash system at the Registry of Motor Vehicles (includes Top-200 Intersection Clusters, Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) Clusters, HSIP bicycle clusters, and HSIP pedestrian clusters from 2010–2012)

Public Input on Regional Needs

The following is a list of safety needs identified through public outreach conducted in fall 2014, and on an ongoing basis through the MPO website:

• Safety on regional and local arterials regarding school-related travel (specifically children walking to school)—for example, the Route 16 and Mount Auburn Street area in Cambridge
• Safety on regional arterials—for example, the Route 2 Rotary in Concord
• Safety at interstate interchanges, such as I-290/I-495 and I-90/I-495

Safety Needs

Overall, safety is improving in the region. Between 2006 and 2012, traffic fatalities (based on a rolling five-year average) decreased from 145 fatalities in 2006 to 129 in 2012. Figure 4.1 shows the change in traffic fatalities by mode during this time period and indicates that the 11 percent decline in fatalities included fewer automobile, truck, pedestrian, and bicycle fatalities. Similarly, total traffic crashes and injuries declined by 21 percent and 27 percent, respectively between 2006 and 2012.

FIGURE 4.1

Traffic Fatalities in the Boston Region MPO by Mode, 2006–2012

Source: Massachusetts Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Reporting System, and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation Crash Data System.

Despite these overall gains, crashes and injuries for pedestrians and bicyclists rose during this same period, as shown in Figure 4.2. Between 2006 and 2012, roughly two-thirds of pedestrian and bicycle crashes resulted in an injury. For pedestrians, the number of crashes increased by 18 percent and injuries grew by 31 percent. For bicycles, the number of crashes increased by 36 percent and injuries jumped by 46 percent.

FIGURE 4.2

Traffic Injuries in the Boston Region MPO by Mode, 2006–2012

Source: Massachusetts Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Reporting System, and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation Crash Data System.

High Crash Locations

The most dangerous locations on the region’s roadway network are identified by using geographic information system (GIS) mapping to locate specific crash sites and the Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) index to determine the severity of those crashes. The EPDO is a weighted index that assigns a value to each crash based on whether the accident resulted in a fatality, injuries, or property damage. A crash involving a fatality receives the most points (10), followed by a crash involving injuries (5), then a crash involving only property damage (1).

Crash data, which is compiled by the MassDOT Registry of Motor Vehicles, is analyzed for a three-year period to identify locations where multiple crashes have occurred. The combined EPDOs of the crashes in these so called “crash clusters” measure the severity of the safety problem at a particular intersection, highway interchange, or roadway segment.

Table 4.1 presents a list of the top-25 highway crash locations in the Boston region, based on EPDO from 2009 to 2011; and includes accompanying crash data from MassDOT’s Registry of Motor Vehicles.

TABLE 4.1

Top-25 Highway Crash Locations in the Boston Region MPO

EPDO = Equivalent Property Damage Only.  HSIP = Highway Safety Improvement Program.

Source: MassDOT Registry of Motor Vehicles.

Intersections

According to the MassachusettsSHSP, more than one in five fatalities in the state occurs at an intersection. Consistent with the SHSP, intersection safety remains an area of emphasis for the Boston Region MPO. Seventy-nine of the Top-200 Crash Locations are located in the Boston Region MPO. Corridors with multiple Top-200 Crash Locations include Route 9 in Natick and Framingham, Route 18 in Weymouth, Route 107 in Lynn, Route 16 in Newton and Wellesley, Route 126 in Bellingham, and Route 16 in Milford.

Strategies to address safety at intersections consist of geometric improvements to install exclusive left-turn lanes, align approaches, and modify turning radii.

Lane Departures

Lane departures are one of the state’s nine areas of strategic emphasis, and a continuing priority of the Boston Region MPO. According to MassDOT data for the period 2004 to 2011, 55 percent of all roadway fatalities and 24 percent of all incapacitating injuries on roadways involved lane departure crashes. A lane departure crash is a non-intersection crash that occurs after a vehicle crosses the edge or center line, or otherwise leaves the traveled way. MPO staff compiled data on lane departure crashes in the Boston region, which indicate that a disproportionate share of lane departure crashes occur on interstates and arterials. Interstates make up five percent of lane miles in the region, yet account for nearly 15 percent of lane departure crashes. Similarly, arterials account for less than a quarter of the region’s lane miles, yet more than half of lane departure crashes. For interstates, there is a high prevalence of lane departure crashes along I-93 between I-90 and I-95 Northbound, I-93 between I-90 and I-95 Southbound, and I-495 between I-90 and I-95. For arterials, there is a high prevalence of lane departure crashes along Route 3 in Weymouth, Route 1 in Chelsea and Revere, the Jamaicaway in Boston, and Soldiers Field Road in Boston. 

Strategies to address lane departure crashes consist of incorporating safety elements into roadway design and maintenance such as the addition of rumble strips, pavement markings, guardrails, or enhanced lighting and signage.

Pedestrians

Pedestrians are one of the state’s nine strategic areas and an ongoing focus of the Boston Region MPO. As vulnerable users of the transportation system, pedestrians are more susceptible to risk than other roadway users. In the Boston region, pedestrians account for a growing share of crashes and a disproportionate share of injuries.

The MassDOT Crash Clusters map identifies the top pedestrian crash locations throughout the state. HSIP pedestrian clusters are locations with the highest crash severity for pedestrian-involved crashes based on EPDO. In the Boston region, there are many clusters in urban areas, including the downtown sections of Boston, Chelsea, Framingham, Lynn, Malden, Natick, Peabody, Salem, Waltham, and Wellesley; as well as along Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Hancock Street in Quincy, and in Newton Centre, Watertown Square, and Davis Square in Somerville.

Strategies to address pedestrian safety at the HSIP pedestrian clusters consist of reducing traffic speeds, limiting pedestrian exposure to automobiles, and increasing motorists’ awareness and visibility of pedestrians. These infrastructure improvements take the form of traffic-calming measures, shortened crossing distances, turning restrictions, and enhanced signage and lighting.

There are also locations across the region where conditions remain unsafe for pedestrians, but which are not at the HSIP pedestrian cluster level. For less urban areas, sidewalk coverage is less extensive and often inconsistent. These inadequate facilities are an ongoing issue for suburban communities with a desire for more transit options. In addition, the need for adequate sidewalks should increase along with the region’s growing elderly population.

Bicyclists

Bicyclists are one of the state’s four most proactive areas, and a growing priority of the Boston Region MPO. Similar to pedestrians, bicyclists also are vulnerable users of the transportation system and account for a growing share of crashes and a disproportionate share of injuries in the region.

The state also compiles high crash locations for bicycles. HSIP bicycle clusters are locations with the highest crash severity for bicycle-involved crashes based on EPDO. In the Boston region, there are multiple HSIP bicycle clusters in urban areas, ranging from the downtown sections of Beverly, Chelsea, Framingham, Lexington, Lynn, Natick, Salem, to Commonwealth Avenue in Boston, Harvard Street in Brookline, Massachusetts Avenue in Arlington and Cambridge, Main Street in Waltham, and Beacon Street and Somerville Avenue in Somerville.

During the past decade, the state has made substantial progress in expanding the bicycle network in order to increase bicycle usage and safety. Yet a majority of the region still lacks adequate bicycle infrastructure. The limits of the network also limit the likelihood of bicycling as a transportation option. Similar to other modes of travel, bicyclists require safe conditions, and an infrastructure to help create those desired conditions.

Strategies to address bicycle safety at the HSIP bicycle clusters consist of reducing traffic speeds, reducing conflicts between bicycles and motor vehicles, increasing separation between them, and increasing motorists’ awareness and visibility of bicyclists. These infrastructure improvements involve traffic-calming measures, separation between bicycles and motor vehicles (especially in high-speed traffic), turning restrictions, and enhanced signage and lighting, and increasingly are part of the MassDOT project design process.

Trucks

Truck-involved crashes also are one of the state’s four proactive emphasis areas. As among the larger and heavier vehicles used in the transportation system, trucks account for a greater proportion of crash severity than other modes. Between 2006 and 2012, trucks made up approximately five percent of crashes, yet accounted for nine percent of fatalities.  

MPO staff compiled high crash locations throughout the region based on truck-related EPDO. In the Boston region, the majority of high crash locations for trucks are located at older interchanges with obsolete designs. These interchanges connect express highways to express highways and express highways to arterials. Express highway to express highway interchanges with high truck crash severity includes I-95 interchanges at I-93 in Woburn, I-90 in Weston, and I-93 in Canton. Express highway to arterial interchanges with high truck crash severity includes I-95 interchanges at Route 1 in Dedham, Middlesex Turnpike in Burlington, and Route 138 in Canton.

Interchange modernization projects incorporate strategies to reduce the likelihood of rollovers at these obsolete interchanges by widening the turning radii or banking the roadway through tight curves.

Summary

Table 4.2 cites locations in the Boston Region MPO that have multiple safety needs, as described above.

TABLE 4.2

Locations with Multiple Safety Needs

HSIP = Highway Safety Improvement Program.

Source: MassDOT Registry of Motor Vehicles.

Potential Programs to Address Safety Needs

• Intersection Improvement Program – Can implement safety improvements at high crash locations for motorists, trucks, pedestrians and bicyclists. Improvements could consist of upgraded geometry, shortened crossing distances, enhanced signage and lighting, and other improvements consistent with elements of Complete Streets.
• Interchange Modernization Program – Can rebuild older interchanges by using current design standards to improve safety for all vehicle types. Improvements could eliminate weaving and reduce the likelihood of rollovers, especially for trucks, by widening the turning radii or banking the ramps’ through curves.
• Complete Streets Program – Can modernize the roadway network to provide safe conditions for all modes along corridors. Improvements could consist of lane reconfiguration, traffic signal and access improvements for motorists, new sidewalks, curb ramps, improved roadway crossings for pedestrians, and continuous bicycle facilities to reduce conflicts between bicyclists and motor vehicles.
• Bicycle Network Program – Can create a safe pedestrian and bicycle corridor that connects activity centers while avoiding high crash locations on the roadway system.
• Pedestrian Connections Program – Can implement safety improvements to facilitate pedestrian access to transit or other activity centers. Improvements could consist of traffic calming, sidewalk network expansion, and upgrades similar to those in a Complete Streets Program, or enhanced signage and lighting.

System Preservation

Goals and Objectives

Existing Goal: 

Maintain the transportation system

Existing Objectives:

• Improve the condition of on- and off-system bridges
• Improve pavement conditions on MassDOT-monitored roadway system
• Maintain and modernize capital assets, including transit assets, throughout the system
• Prioritize projects that support planned response capability to existing or future extreme conditions (sea level rise, flooding, and other natural and security-related man-made hazards)
• Protect freight network elements, such as port facilities, that are vulnerable to climate-change impacts

Background

System preservation is a priority for the MPO because the transportation infrastructure in the region is aging. The demands placed on highway and transit facilities have been taxing to the point that routine maintenance is insufficient to keep up with the need. As a result, there is a significant backlog of maintenance and state-of-good repair work to be done on the highway and transit system, including bridges, roadway pavement, transit rolling stock, and traffic and transit control equipment. Under these circumstances, system preservation and efficiency have become more important. Maintenance must receive attention, but because of the region’s financial constraints, the MPO will set priorities, considering the most crucial maintenance needs and the most effective ways to deploy funding.

In addition, the MPO agrees that if climate trends continue as projected, the conditions in the Boston region likely would include a rise in sea level coupled with storm-induced flooding, and warmer temperatures that would affect the region’s infrastructure, economy, human health, and natural resources. The MPO seeks to improve resiliency of infrastructure that could be affected by climate change through its evaluation criteria. The MPO rates projects on how well the proposed project design improves the infrastructure’s ability to respond to extreme conditions and addresses those impacts. This information helps guide decision making in the LRTP and TIP. The MPO also recognizes the need to keep major routes well maintained in order to respond to emergencies and evaluates projects on how well they improve emergency response or improve an evacuation route, diversion route, or an alternate diversion route.

The MPO, through its studies and freight-planning work also acknowledges that movement of freight is critical to the region’s economy. The majority of freight is moved by truck in this region. Major highway freight routes must be maintained to allow for the efficient movement of goods. The MPO also places special emphasis on protecting all freight network elements, including port facilities that are vulnerable to climate-change impacts.

Policy Context

Initiatives and Directives Shaping this Goal

• Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century
• United States Department of Transportation 23 CFR Parts 450 Subpart C – Metropolitan Transportation Planning and Programming Regulation
• Accelerated Bridge Program (ABP)
• MBTA’s Program for Mass Transportation (PMT)
• State legislation related to climate change
• Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA), 2008
• MassDOT’s GreenDOT Policy

Relevant MPO Studies, Reports, and Documents

• Roadway Network Inventory for Emergency Needs: A Pilot Study, 2015
• Maintenance Costs for Municipally Controlled Federal-Aid Roads, 2012

Resources Used to Establish Transportation Needs

• LRTP Needs Assessment Application: Pavement Condition: data on pavement condition, classified as ‘good’, ‘fair’, or ‘poor’
• All-hazards Planning Application: used to measure a number of preservation-related factors

Data in the application includes substandard bridges, emergency service routes, and locations of hospitals, emergency services, police, and fire stations. The application helps gauge a project’s ability to improve emergency response and response to extreme conditions.

• MBTA’s Program for Mass Transportation (PMT)
• MassDOT’s Bridge Database
• Results of the Boston Region MPO’s 2010 Freight Study – A Profile of Truck Impacts
• MassDOT’s Freight Plan, 2010

Public Input on Regional Needs

The following is a list of needs identified through public outreach conducted in fall of 2014, and on an ongoing basis through the MPO website, as they relate to system preservation:

• Roadways need to be improved to accommodate transit; for example, Route 1 in Milton has no bus stop area and hardly a curb, which is unsafe for riders.
• Improvements are needed to pedestrian/cycling infrastructure. Problems include locations where bike lanes suddenly end and do not have enough road space. Many bike lanes are full of potholes or debris.
• Improvements are needed to Annisquam Bridge in Gloucester.
• Improvements are needed to the Rockport Commuter Rail Station, including parking.
• Climate change adaptation is important to coastal communities.

System Preservation Needs

Bridges

Unlike roadways, all bridges in the region are eligible to receive federal aid for maintenance and modernization projects. MassDOT and the MBTA prioritize resources for bridge preservation, as well as repair and replacement, and fund this work through the Statewide Bridge Program and MBTA bridge initiatives. MassDOT and the MBTA maintain a bridge management software tool (PONTIS) for recording, organizing, and analyzing bridge inventory and inspection data. PONTIS is used to guide the Statewide Bridge Program, which prioritizes resources for bridge preservation, as well as repair and replacement.

Of the 2,866 bridges located in the Boston Region MPO, 559 (19 percent) are considered functionally obsolete (do not meet current traffic demands or highway standards), and 154 (5 percent) are considered structurally deficient (deterioration has reduced the load-carrying capacity of the bridge).

Another important indicator of bridge condition is bridge health index. This is the ratio of the current condition of each bridge element to its perfect condition expressed as a score of 0 to 100; a value of zero indicates that all of a particular bridge’s elements are in the worst condition. A bridge health index of 85 indicates that the condition of a bridge is good. One-third of bridges (956) have health indices with a score 85 or greater; 36 percent (1029 bridges) have health indices of less than 85; and 31 percent (881 bridges) do not have core element data needed to calculate an index. An additional 44 bridges have health indices of zero. Approximately 43 percent of the latter are railroad bridges, 20 percent are pedestrian bridges, and an additional 20 percent of bridges are closed.

Currently, MassDOT is in the midst of making a $3 billion investment in its bridges. The Commonwealth instituted the eight-year Accelerated Bridge Program in 2008 to reduce the number of structurally deficient bridges. During the course of the program, the state plans to replace or repair more than 200 bridges. According to MassDOT, as of October 1, 2014, the ABP advertised 196 construction contracts with a combined budget valued at $2.43 billion. As of October 1, 2013, 52 projects in the Boston Region MPO area were substantially complete, 13 projects were under construction, and 15 projects were in design.

MassDOT, through its Office of Performance Management and Innovation, has developed a set of performance measures to address the state’s bridges: They are to:

• Prevent the number of structurally deficient bridges from exceeding 463
• Maintain a system-wide bridge health index of at least an 81.98

The performance measure target of 463 structurally deficient bridges is approximately nine percent of bridges statewide. When comparing the statewide percentage to the structurally deficient bridges in the Boston Region MPO area, approximately five percent of bridges in the region are classified as structurally deficient. This indicates that MassDOT is addressing bridge maintenance needs in the region.

The performance measure of system-wide bridge health index for vehicular bridges in the Boston Region MPO area is 82.4. Again, this indicates that MassDOT is addressing bridge maintenance needs in the region.

Pavement Management

The Boston Region MPO currently does not maintain an independent pavement management tool, but relies on MassDOT’s pavement management program. MassDOT’s program monitors approximately 4,150 lane miles of interstate, arterial, and access-controlled arterial roadways in the Boston Region MPO area. It has been the policy of the MPO not to fund resurfacing-only projects in the TIP. However, the MPO does make funding decisions for roadway reconstruction projects that include resurfacing, usually deep reconstruction, in addition to other design elements.

The Chapter 90 program (named for Chapter 90 of the Massachusetts General Laws), which is administered by MassDOT, also contributes to the Commonwealth’s strategy of preserving existing transportation facilities. This program supports construction and maintenance of roadways classified as local, i.e., work is performed by cities and towns of the Commonwealth. Typically, the majority of Chapter 90 allocations are used for road resurfacing and reconstruction. This program helps municipalities maintain and preserve locally owned roadways.

MassDOT, through its Office of Performance Management and Innovation, has developed a set of performance measures to address pavement management statewide. The measure ensures that at least 65% of National Highway System roadways are in good condition. The pavement serviceability index (PSI) measures the severity of cracking, rutting, raveling, and ride quality; and is reported on a scale from zero (impassible) to five (perfectly smooth).

An analysis of the pavement on MassDOT-maintained roadways in the Boston Region MPO area indicates that approximately 70 percent are in good condition, 25 percent in fair condition, and 5 percent in poor condition—which meets MassDOT’s performance measure of at least 65 percent of the pavement in good condition. However, when this information is broken down further, looking at the pavement in poor condition by roadway type—interstate, arterial, and access-controlled arterials—MassDOT-maintained arterial roadways make up 62 percent of the monitored roadways, but 90 percent of the roadways that are in poor condition (see Figure 4.3).

FIGURE 4.3

Pavement Condition by Roadway Classification

Source: Massachusetts Department of Transportation Pavement Management Program.

Pavement data indicate that the majority of these arterial roadways are located in urban centers. The Pavement Condition map, in the LRTP Needs Assessment Application, shows larger expanses of arterial roadways with poor pavement condition in the Boston, Cambridge, Chelsea, Everett, Lynn, Malden, Medford, Newton, Revere, and Somerville urban centers. The MPO can address improved pavement condition in these areas through Complete Streets or bottleneck improvement projects if they are submitted for funding consideration.

Transit Infrastructure and Rolling Stock

Currently, the most pressing need that the MBTA faces is to bring the system into a state of good repair. Maintaining existing capital assets must be the highest priority for future investments or the quality of current services will degrade. Once the system is in a state of good repair, ongoing maintenance, replacement, and modernization of assets and infrastructure will be necessary to meet current and future demand for services. Providing sufficient resources for maintenance should be part of any program of system expansion.

The MBTA is developing a transit asset-management system to help address its capital needs. This program is using the MBTA’s state of good repair (SGR) database to help meet the new asset-management requirements under MAP-21, including:

• Preparing a transit asset-management plan
• Enhancing the MBTA’s SGR database, including:
• Developing a capital assets inventory
• Formulating criteria for assessing assets
• Implementing a decision support tool to help prioritize capital investments
• Establishing annual performance targets and a system to monitor them

In addition to monitoring the performance measures reported through the ScoreCard and using its existing service standards, the MBTA is in the process of determining whether additional performance measures should be incorporated into its service delivery policy. MPO staff will continue to coordinate with MassDOT and the MBTA as they develop their performance measures.

The MBTA has dedicated 100 percent of its federal formula funding, programmed through the LRTP and TIP, to maintenance and state-of-good repair projects. The MPO has not provided any of its target funding (those funds programmed at the MPO’s discretion) to the MBTA for maintenance needs in the past; however, it could in the future. This LRTP considers all transportation needs in the region, so the LRTP Needs Assessment identifies examples of transit needs in this category, including:

• Signals in the Green Line central tunnel, which date from the 1920s, need to be replaced.
• On the commuter rail system, 44 bridges are rated as structurally deficient and need to be rehabilitated (some are currently under renovation).
• All but the most recently purchased commuter rail coaches and locomotives need to be replaced over the next 25 years.
• On the Red Line, 74 cars built in 1969 need to be replaced. (The MBTA has awarded a contract for new Red Line cars, which will be funded by MassDOT.)
• On the Orange Line, 120 cars built between 1979 and 1981 need to be replaced. (The MBTA  awarded a contract for new Orange Line cars, which will be funded by MassDOT.)
• New vehicles are needed on the Mattapan High Speed Line to replace the Presidents Conference Committee (PCC) cars that were originally built in the 1940s.
• On the commuter rail system, 33 stations (24 percent) need to be made accessible.
• On the rapid transit system, 38 stations (26 percent) need to be made accessible, most notably Boylston and Hynes on the Green Line (Government Center Station, closed for a two-year reconstruction, will be accessible when renovation is completed).

The MBTA is taking steps to address some of these issues:

• Committed to increasing capital investment in bridges and the power system
• Ordered 60 new diesel-electric hybrid buses
• Ordered 75 new commuter rail coached at a cost of $190 million
• Ordered 40 new locomotives at a cost of approximately $200 million

In addition to these needs, the MBTA will provide the MPO with a list of unfunded state-of-good-repair transit projects once the MBTA’s Capital Investment Program document is completed. These unfunded needs can be considered for funding in an LRTP program.

Freight

The physical condition of the regional roadway network also influences the health of the freight transportation system. Maintaining and modernizing the roadway network directly benefits freight users. Many express highways were designed in the 1950s; highways constructed today are designed to higher standards that benefit both trucks and light vehicles. This is especially important for trucks, which are on average larger now than when these roads were built.

Intermodal freight connections in the Boston Region MPO area are almost all between rail and truck or between ship and truck. These intermodal terminals—whether publicly owned like the Conley Container Terminal in South Boston, or privately owned like the bulk commodity terminals on the Mystic and Chelsea Rivers—finance their terminal investments outside the MPO process. However, the MPO may identify opportunities to improve connections between these intermodal terminals and the regional road network. Alternatively, MPO analyses undertaken as part of the UPWP process may identify intermodal freight roadway improvements that could be implemented by others.

The system of arterial roadways that connect regional express highways with local freight transportation users is undergoing gradual transformation as sections are rebuilt to “complete streets” standards. The emerging practices of arterial roadway design may pose challenges for truck movements if accommodation for modern trucks is not addressed at the outset. Ironically, the viability of local merchants is a key “livability” goal, reversing overdependence on the mall retail concept. The ability of “Main Street” merchants to receive deliveries by truck needs to be understood as a requirement for their viability.

Given the shared use of the roadway system by freight and passenger vehicles, addressing the needs of the freight transportation system also will include broader automobile and bus transit mobility and safety needs. Freight priorities are stated with reference to specific freight concerns:

• Reconstruction and modernization of the express highway system needs to continue.
• Reconstruction or improvements to arterial roadways need to be explicitly vetted for truck compatibility.
• Growth of truck traffic serving regional intermodal terminals needs to be accommodated.

Climate Change Adaptation

The MPO has developed an all-hazards planning application that shows the region’s transportation network in relation to natural hazard zones. This tool works in conjunction with the MPO’s database of LRTP and TIP projects so that it can be used to determine if proposed projects are located in areas prone to flooding or at risk of seawater inundation from hurricane storm surges, or, in the long term, sea level rise, which may be a result of climate change. Transportation facilities in such hazard zones might benefit from flood protection measures, such as enhanced drainage systems, or adaptations for sea level rise.

MassDOT is conducting a pilot project, Climate Change and Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Options of the Central Artery. This study is assessing the vulnerability of the Central Artery to sea level rise and extreme storm events. It is investigating options to reduce identified vulnerabilities and establish an emergency response plan for tunnel protection and/or shut down in the event of a major storm.

Climate change impacts also present a number of planning challenges for the freight industry. In some ways, the freight transportation system is less vulnerable than other systems such as subways. Even on the shared roadway system freight is less vulnerable; because hazardous cargo is prohibited in tunnels, their transportation routes are designed using only above-ground roadways.

In addition, regional port facilities finance their own terminal investments outside of the MPO process. Recent and proposed port investments anticipate more severe storm surge conditions than found in the historical record, and associated MPO planning efforts can build on these new planning assumptions.

The MPO should continue to evaluate proposed projects to determine if they are located in areas prone to flooding, at risk of seawater inundation from hurricane storm surges, or, in the long term, sea-level rise because of climate change. The design of transportation projects in these hazard zones should address flood protection measures, such as enhanced drainage systems, or adaptations for sea-level rise, giving special attention to major infrastructure projects including tunnels and major freight routes and facilities.

Potential Programs to Address System Preservation Needs

• Intersection Improvement Program – Can address pavement condition, modernization of signal equipment, and other improvements consistent with elements of Complete Streets.
• Complete Streets – Can address pavement condition, upgrade sidewalk and bicycle accommodations, and improve bridges and culverts (including adaptations to transportation infrastructure vulnerable to climate change and other hazards).
• Bottleneck Program – Can address pavement condition, upgrade sidewalk and bicycle accommodations, and improve bridges and culverts (including adaptations to transportation infrastructure vulnerable to climate change and other hazards).
• Interchange Modernization – Can address maintenance issues for older interchanges or can rebuild them using current design standards to improve roadway condition.
• Major Infrastructure – For highway: Can address pavement condition and bridges. For transit: Can improve infrastructure and rolling stock and infrastructure adaptations to address climate change hazards.
• MassDOT’s Climate Adaptation Vulnerability Assessment – Will help prioritize assets and climate variables to focus adaptation efforts.

Capacity Management and Mobility

Goals and Objectives

Existing Goal: 

Use existing facility capacity more efficiently and increase healthy transportation capacity

Existing Objectives:

• Improve reliability of transit
• Implement roadway management and operations strategies, constructing improvements to the bicycle and pedestrian network, and supporting community-based transportation
• Create connected network of bicycle and accessible sidewalk facilities (at both regional and neighborhood scale) by expanding existing facilities and closing gaps
• Increase automobile and bicycle parking capacity and usage at transit stations
• Increase percentage of population and employment within one-quarter mile of transit stations and stops
• Increase percentage of population and places of employment with access to bicycle facilities
• Improve access to and accessibility of transit and active transportation modes
• Support community-based and private-initiative services and programs to meet last mile, reverse commute, and other non-traditional transit/transportation needs, including those of the elderly and persons with disabilities
• Eliminate bottlenecks on the freight network
• Enhance intermodal connections
• Emphasize capacity management through low-cost investments; give priority to projects that focus on lower-cost operations and management-type improvements such as intersection improvements and Complete Streets solutions

Background

Through its capacity management and mobility goal and objectives, the MPO seeks to maximize the region’s existing transportation system so that both people and goods can move reliably and connect to key destinations. The Boston region is mature, which creates challenges to making major infrastructure changes to its transportation system. The Boston region also contains high population density and concentration of key destinations and is home to extensive and well-used roadway and public transit networks. These networks provide a solid foundation that—through targeted improvements to bottlenecks and utilizing management and operations strategies—can accommodate the ways the region is expected to change and grow.

The MPO’s capacity management and mobility goal and objectives also seek to expand travelers’ travel options to reach principal destinations. One approach to increasing mobility is to reduce single-occupancy vehicle travel, which may be achieved by encouraging multi-modal transportation options, including public transportation and bicycle and pedestrian transportation, in addition to automobile travel. The MPO’s goals and objectives respond to federal, state, and regional activities to increase transit, bicycle, and pedestrian travel, such as MassDOT’s GreenDOT initiative, the MassDOT Mode Shift Goal, the Healthy Transportation Compact, and MetroFuture’s transportation goals, objectives, and strategies. They also respond to increasing demand for transit, bicycle, and pedestrian connections by communities throughout the region.

Roadway

The MPO monitors the mobility of its roadways as part of its Congestion Management Process (CMP), which also includes activities to monitor high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, public transportation, and park-and-ride lot usage. It is essential to keep all transportation facilities functioning at their optimum levels because how these facilities perform affect roadway and transit congestion. Improving congestion will ease the economic loss caused by travel delay, help increase mobility, and decrease vehicle emissions.

In order to determine how well the region’s roadways are performing, the MPO applies performance measures that gauge the duration, extent, intensity, and reliability of congestion. MPO staff analyzed congestion in the region using the CMP Express Highway and Arterial Performance Dashboards, which applied the following measures:

• Congested Time - Monitors duration of congestion (measured in minutes per peak-period hour). This is the average number of minutes that drivers experience congested conditions during the peak period.1
• Congestion is considered to persist when the average speed is less than 35 miles per hour (mph) on limited-access roadway and 19 mph on arterial roadways.
• Speed Index - Monitors intensity, and is the average speed divided by the posted speed limit. When average speed matches the posted speed, the index equals one (1); lower values indicate more congestion.
• Travel Time Index - Monitors reliability, and is the average peak-period travel time divided by free-flow travel time. When the average peak-period travel time equals free-flow travel time, the index equals one (1); higher values indicate more congestion.
• Lane Miles of Congestion - Monitors the extent of congestion. Lane miles of congestion are determined by the travel time index values of the region’s roadways.

Tables 4.3 and 4.4 show the performance measure values of the duration, intensity, and reliability of congestion for the region’s expressways and arterials. Figures 4.4 and 4.5 show the performance values of the extent of congestion for the region’s expressway and arterials.

TABLE 4.3

Regional Performance for Expressways

Source: Boston Region MPO Congestion Management Process.

TABLE 4.4

Regional Performance for Arterials

Source: Boston Region MPO Congestion Management Process.

Lane miles of congestion, as measured by travel time index, measure the extent of congestion on the roadway network. This was analyzed for the entire CMP expressway network. Overall, 30 percent of all expressway lane miles in the AM peak period and 32 percent of all expressway lane miles in PM peak period experience congestion to some degree. Lane miles of congestion for the arterials are significantly less, at 18 percent for the AM peak period and 15 percent for the PM peak period.

FIGURE 4.4

Lane Miles of Congestion: CMP Monitored Expressways

FIGURE 4.5

Lane Miles of Congestion: CMP Monitored Arterials

Based on this data, the MPO has identified several general trends for the region’s expressways and arterials: 

• There are a higher percentage of congested lane miles in the PM peak period; however, a higher percentage of lane miles are severely congested in the AM peak period.
• The intensity of congestion on the region's expressways is more severe in the AM peak period.
• The travel time index is higher for expressways than arterials for both peak periods.
• The average speed indexes for the entire region for both the AM and PM peak periods are lower on arterial roadways than on expressways.
• Congested time is less widespread and less severe on arterials than on expressways.
• The duration, extent, intensity, and reliability of congestion is higher in the AM peak period than in the PM peak period for both expressways and arterials.
• There is a lower percentage of severely congested lane miles on arterials than on expressways, indicating that congestion is less widespread on arterials.
• Applying the performance measures to a regional context generates less extreme congestion values than if these were applied on a roadway segment basis. This is because congestion for both expressways and arterials is concentrated in specific areas. Most roadways in the region experience no peak period congestion at all, and non-congested segments may skew the regional results.

Freight

The MPO also must address the transportation system’s ability to move freight efficiently, as this contributes significantly to the region’s economic vitality. The freight transportation system consists of a very large number of enterprises operating many distinct types of equipment over both publicly and privately owned or managed transportation networks. Key components of this system include the public roadway network, the rail system (both the publicly and privately owned sections), and navigable waterways. A number of specialized terminals (both publicly and privately owned) connect and allow freight to transfer between these different systems.

The roadway network is the most important component of the freight transportation system in the Boston Region MPO area. Trucks are the dominant mode for freight movement in this area; and virtually all freight that moves by rail or water requires transshipment to or from trucks in order to serve regional freight customers.

Trucks share the regional roadway network with light vehicles, both commercial and private. Measuring, managing, and reducing delay in the region’s road network is an important defined responsibility of the MPO and is the ongoing work of the MPO’s Congestion Management Process. Freight movements are expected to increase gradually into the near future in conjunction with population and economic growth. Strategies to affect mode shift in the MPO region are not applicable to freight, since no practical alternatives to trucks exist for final distribution of consumer goods to retail locations, as well as for most industrial logistic needs.

Railroads have been successful in increasing intermodal shipments using high-capacity double-stacked rail services to modern terminals, such as the one in Worcester. These expanded rail services slow the growth of trucks on the national interstate system, but add increasing numbers of trucks to roadways within the MPO. The impacts of larger vessels using an expanded Conley Terminal are similar.

Given the shared use of the road network, it is important that policies and investments that control or reduce congestion improve parts of the network heavily used by trucks. Fortunately, there is a strong correlation between parts of the road network experiencing severe congestion and parts heavily used by trucks.

Transit Travel

The MPO region is served by variety of transit services:

• The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) - Provides rapid transit, bus and trackless trolley, commuter rail, commuter boat, and paratransit service to a network of 175 municipalities
• The Cape Ann Transportation Authority (CATA) - Provides fixed-route and Dial-a-Ride transit service to the city of Gloucester and the towns of Essex, Rockport, and Ipswich
• The MetroWest Regional Transit Authority (MWRTA) - Provides fixed-route bus service in and between the municipalities of Ashland, Dover, Framingham, Holliston, Hopkinton, Hudson, Marlborough, Natick, Sherborn, Southborough, Sudbury, Wayland, Wellesley, and Weston (also operates paratransit service in Framingham and Natick)
• Additional Regional Transit Authorities (RTAs) - Provide service in areas that overlap with municipalities in the MPO region (includes the Brockton Area Transit [BAT], Greater Attleboro Regional Transit Authority [GATRA], and the Montachusett Regional Transit Authority [MART])
• Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) - Transit services that provide connections to Logan Airport
• Transportation Management Associations (TMAs) - Serve member companies, developments, or institutions, and in some cases, the general public
• Privately Operated Intercity Bus and Ferry Services
• Councils on Aging (COA) - Social-service organizations, private non-profit organizations, and volunteer driver programs; collectively serve a range of clients, including older adults, persons with disabilities, veterans, and others
• MassRIDES - A MassDOT service that provides free statewide travel-options assistance to employers and other travelers. MassRIDES supports an active employer-based partnership program; statewide ride matching; vanpool formation and support program; extensive coordination with 16 regional transit authorities; a statewide, toll-free bilingual customer-service telephone line; and the Massachusetts Safe Routes to School program. Also promotes carpooling and vanpooling through a statewide ride-matching database of more than 15,400 commuters who register for MassRIDES programs and services.

To date, most of the Boston Region MPO’s target funding for capital projects has gone to support the roadway network, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities; with the region’s RTAs, the MassDOT Rail and Transit Division, and others supporting investment in the transit system. The MPO has made some investments in the transit system in recent years through its Suburban Mobility Program, which evolved into the Clean Air and Mobility Program, These programs have allocated Congestion Mitigation Air Quality (CMAQ) funding for starting up new, locally developed and supported transit services that improve air quality and reduce congestion. The MPO also supports the distribution of federal transit grant funds by the Rail and Transit Division.

Like the region’s roadway system, the region’s transit services and networks face reliability and capacity-management concerns. Buses, trackless trolleys, and shuttles operating on roadways are affected by traffic congestion. The size of vehicle fleets, the capacity of individual vehicles, and the condition of vehicles and infrastructure all have an impact on the number of passengers that can be moved and the ability of services to adhere to schedules.

The region’s transit services also should provide connectivity to housing, employment, and other key destinations, as well as to other passenger transportation modes. Table 4.5 describes the portion of the MPO’s population and employment in 2010 that fell within one-quarter mile of an MBTA, CATA, or MWRTA bus stop or an MBTA rapid transit or commuter rail station, as well as the amount projected to fall within the walkshed in 2040. Modest population gains are expected within this existing walkshed over the next 25 years.

Table 4.5

Population and Employment within One-quarter Mile of an MBTA, CATA or MWRTA Bus Stop, Rapid Transit Station, or Commuter Rail Station, by MAPC Community Type (2010 and 2040)

Note: Population and employment results rounded to the nearest hundred.

Source: Central Transportation Planning Staff.

Table 4.6 and 4.7 describes the portion of the MPO’s 2010 and 2040 population by community type2 that is projected to fall within the MBTA, CATA, or MWRTA fixed-route station walkshed. Table 4.8 and 4.9 describes the portion of the MPO’s employment by area type that is projected to fall within the walkshed in 2010 and 2040.

Table 4.6

Population within One-Quarter Mile of Transit (MBTA, CATA or MWRTA Bus Stop, Rapid Transit Station, or Commuter Rail Station), by MAPC Community Type (2010)

Note: Population and employment results rounded to the nearest hundred.

Source: Central Transportation Planning Staff.

Table 4.7

Population within One-Quarter Mile of Transit (MBTA, CATA or MWRTA Bus Stop, Rapid Transit Station, or Commuter Rail Station), by MAPC Community Type (2040)

Note: Population and employment results rounded to the nearest hundred.

Source: Central Transportation Planning Staff.

Table 4.8

Employment within One-Quarter Mile of Transit (MBTA, CATA or MWRTA Bus Stop, Rapid Transit Station, or Commuter Rail Station), by MAPC Community Type (2010)

Note: Population and employment results rounded to the nearest hundred.

Source: Central Transportation Planning Staff.

Table 4.9

Employment within One-Quarter Mile of Transit (MBTA, CATA or MWRTA Bus Stop, Rapid Transit Station, or Commuter Rail Station), by MAPC Community Type (2040)

Note: Population and employment results rounded to the nearest hundred.

Source: Central Transportation Planning Staff.

Tables 4.7 and 4.9 show that in 2040 relatively low portions of population and employment in maturing and developing suburbs are projected to fall within the MBTA, CATA, and MWRTA fixed-route walkshed. This suggests that transit services may need to be expanded or diversified in order to increase transit use within these parts of the MPO region.

As part of providing connections to key destinations, transit services and stations should support “last-mile” connections by linking to bicycle and pedestrian routes and shuttle or other services; parking for vehicles and bicycles also should be made available, where appropriate. Transit services should account for the travel needs associated with non-work trips, as well as reverse commutes and other types of trip-making activity. Finally, these services and facilities should account for the needs of a diverse population of riders, which include young people, older adults, and persons with disabilities.

Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel

The MPO agrees that bicycle and pedestrian facilities provide opportunities for healthy, environmentally sustainable travel. Federal, state, regional and local initiatives supporting Complete Streets underscore interest in integrating and enhancing the role of these modes in the transportation system. For example, MassDOT issued its Complete Streets design standards and related Healthy Transportation Policy Directive to ensure that MassDOT projects are designed and implemented so that all customers have access to safe and comfortable walking, bicycling, and transit options.

MassDOT also supports the Bay State Greenway (BSG), a seven-corridor network of bicycle routes that comprise both on- and off-road bicycle facilities throughout the state intended to support long-distance bicycle transportation. Approximately 200 miles of this 750-plus mile on- and off-road network have been constructed. MassDOT has identified the “BSG Priority 100,” one-hundred miles of high-priority shared-use path projects within the network.

On-road bike routes, separated paths, sidewalks, and other supporting infrastructure are a key component of the last-mile connections described. When these facilities are integrated into well-connected networks, they support trips both within and between the region’s communities. When they are connected to key destinations, they can support a diversity of trip types, and effective connections between facilities can support longer trips.

Today, approximately three percent of the region’s non-limited-access roadways provide bicycle accommodations—a more-than 50 percent increase since the previous Boston Region MPO LRTP. Tables 4.10 and 4.11 below show the portion of the MPO’s population and employment that fell within one-half mile of a bike facility in 2010.

Table 4.10

MPO-Region Population within One-half Mile of a Bike Facility (2010)

Note: Population and employment results rounded to the nearest hundred. Interstates and access controlled roads excluded from analysis.

Source: Central Transportation Planning Staff.

Table 4.11

MPO-Region Employment within One-half Mile of a Bike Facility (2010)

Note: Population and employment results rounded to the nearest hundred. Interstates and access controlled roads excluded from analysis.

Source: Central Transportation Planning Staff.

As the tables above show, the proportion of MPO employment that fell within one-half mile of a bicycle facility in 2010 was larger than the portion of MPO population that was within one-half mile of a bicycle facility. As of 2010, approximately 80 percent of population and employment in Inner Core Communities was located within one-half mile of a bicycle facility. In comparison, much lower shares of population and employment are within one-half mile of bicycle facilities in communities characterized as regional urban centers, maturing suburbs, and developing suburbs. 

The MPO has analyzed patterns of regional bicycling activity using data from the 2011 Massachusetts Travel Survey. Table 4.12 shows the miles traveled per 1,000 residents for communities in the Boston Region, by Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) community type.

Table 4.12

Miles by Bicycle per 1,000 Residents for Communities in the Boston MPO Region, by MAPC Community Type (2011)

Source: Massachusetts Travel Survey, 2011.

Bicycling, including for trips to work is highest in Boston’s Inner Core communities, followed by its maturing suburbs. These bicycling activity levels are correlated with the portions of population and employment within one-half mile of a bicycling facility in each of the MAPC community types, as shown in tables 5 and 6 above. The MPO’s capacity management and mobility objectives include an objective to increase the percentage of population and places of employment with access to bicycle facilities. The greatest potential for these increases exists in the maturing suburbs, regional urban centers, and developing suburbs in the Boston region, and by increasing bicycle network connectivity to key destinations in these areas, there may be growth in bicycling activity.

Policy Context

Initiatives and Directives Shaping this Goal

• Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century
• United States Department of Transportation 23 CFR Parts 450 Subpart C – Metropolitan Transportation Planning and Programming Regulation
• Partnership for Sustainable Communities (EPA,DOT,HUD)
• 1990 Clean Air Act and its Amendments
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 40 CFR Parts 51 and 93 – Conformity Regulation
• The Americans with Disabilities Act
• Massachusetts Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA)
• MassDOT’s Bay State Greenway
• MassDOT’s GreenDOT Policy and Implementation Plan (includes MassDOT Mode Shift Goal)
• MassDOT youMove Massachusetts (YMM)
• MassDOT weMove Massachusetts (WMM)
• Massachusetts Healthy Transportation Compact (HTC)
• MBTA’s Program for Mass Transportation (PMT)
• MPO’s Congestion Management Process (CMP)
• MPO’s Coordinated Human-Services Transportation Plan (CHSTP):
• MAPC’s MetroFuture

Relevant MPO Studies, Reports, and Documents

Roadways and Intersection Studies

• The MPO produces periodic reports through its Congestion Management Process:
• Boston Region MPO Congestion Management Process: Performance-Based Planning for Efficiency, Mobility, and Safety, 2013
• Historical Trends: Travel Times and Vehicle Occupancy Levels for I-93 North and Southeast Expressway HOV and General-Purpose Lanes, 2012 
• The MPO conducted a series of studies on preferential lane systems
• A Preferential Lane on I-93 North: A Conceptual Plan, 2014
• Screening Regional Express Highways for Possible Preferential Lane Implementation, 2012
• Improving the Southeast Expressway: A Conceptual Plan, 2012
• Addressing Safety, Mobility, and Access on Subregional Priority Roadways studies, conducted for the following locations:
• Washington Street in Newton (FFYs 2013–14)
• Route 3A, Cohasset and Scituate, and Route 127A/127, Gloucester and Rockport (FFYs 2013–14)
• Priority Corridors for LRTP Needs Assessment studies, conducted for the following locations:
• Route 2 in Concord and Lincoln (FFY 2013)
• Route 3 in Framingham and Natick (FFY 2013)
• Route 114 in Danvers (FFY 2012)
• Route 203 in Boston (FFY 2012) 
• Low-Cost Improvements at Freeway Bottleneck Locations studies, conducted for the following locations:
• I-95 southbound, at the off-ramp area of Interchange 32B in Burlington (FFY 2011)
• I-95 between Interchange 28B in Waltham and Interchange 29A in Lexington (FFY 2011)
• I-95 northbound, ramp merge area at Interchange 24 in Weston (FFY 2010)
• Route 3 northbound, merge area at Interchange 17 in Braintree (FFY 2010)
• I-95 northbound, exit and entrance ramp at interchange 32 in Burlington (FFY 2010)
• Route 3 southbound, lane-drop at the Hingham-Weymouth town line (FFY 2010) 

Parking and Park-and-Ride Facilities

• 2012-2013 Inventory of Park-and-Ride Lots at MBTA Facilities, 2014
• 2012 Inventory of Bicycle Parking Spaces and Number of Parked Bicycles at MBTA Stations, 2014

Freight Studies

• Proposed Freight Planning Action Plan for the Boston Region MPO: Meeting the Goals and Addressing the Issues, 2013
• Results of the Boston Region MPO’s 2012 Freight Study – A Profile of Truck Impacts, 2012

Transit Studies

• The Bus Walking Radius Study, 2012,
• Core Efficiencies Study of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority System, 2012
• MBTA Early Morning Transit Service, 2013
• Massachusetts Regional Bus Study, 2013
• MBTA Commuter Rail Passenger Counts, 2012
• The MPO conducted several studies supporting RTAs and suburban transit:
• Evaluation of MetroWest Regional Transit Authority Fixed Route Network, 2009
• SouthWest Advisory Planning Committee (SWAP) Regional Public Transit Feasibility Study, Boston Region MPO and Metropolitan Area Planning Council, 2013

Bicycle and Pedestrian Resources

• Bicycle and Pedestrian Improvements at Six Urban Centers, 2010
• Bicycle and Pedestrian Improvements in Town Centers, 2007
• Bicycle Network Evaluation, 2014

Resources Used to Establish Transportation Needs

• LRTP Needs Assessment Application: Supports mapping of various types of transportation infrastructure (such as roadways, transit services, rail lines, bicycle facilities) and data on travel activity
• Express Highway Performance Dashboard (supported by the MPO’s Congestion Management Process)
• Arterials Performance Dashboard (supported by the MPO’s Congestion Management Process)
• Average Daily Traffic (ADT) Data Browser Application
• Monitored Intersections in the Boston Region MPO area database
• Massachusetts Travel Survey, 2011
• Boston MPO 2014 Bicycle Network Evaluation
• Sidewalk and bicycle facilities by municipality

Public Input on Regional Needs

The following is a list of needs identified through public outreach conducted in fall 2014, and on an ongoing basis through the MPO website, as they relate to capacity management and mobility:

• Congestion on regional arterials (commuter and non-commuter); examples: Route 1, 1A, 2, 3, 16, 30, 62, 97, 126, 128, 133, 135, Middlesex Turnpike
• Congestion on highways, I-90, 95, 495, and specifically the I-93/95 interchange
• Increasing congestion because of growth in housing, population, and shopping centers
• Need to improve bike infrastructure and expand bike network in congested corridors, such as in a circumferential route around the Inner Core and between Acton and Concord
• Need for connections between the Upper Charles Trail to Southern New England Trunkline Trail to the south and Bruce Freemen Trail to the north; and from Bruce Freeman to the east and west trails
• Need to increase walkability and support communities to promote walkability
• Need to improve quantity and quality of parking at transit stations, specifically at Alewife, Quincy Adams, Braintree, Littleton, Medway, Norfolk, Littleton, Fitchburg, Kingston, and Plymouth
• Need more train and bus transit options, including improved service hours and frequency, less expensive commuter rail and subway, bus-only lanes, point-to-point bus service; specifically:
• Congested bus routes in Cambridge
• A bus rapid transit lane on I-495 for buses and freight
• Diesel multiple unit (DMU) hub in Framingham
• North/south rail link between Clinton and Mansfield
• Rail service for Marlborough and Foxboro
• Extended commuter rail service on Fitchburg line
• More reverse-commute options for Framingham and Natick
• Expanded commuter rail and subway to the South Shore
• Subway extension of the Blue Line to Lynn
• Increased capacity at Alewife
• Extend the Red Line past Braintree
• More evening and weekend service for councils on aging
• More transit on Cape Ann
• More ferry service in coastal cities and towns
• Better links to existing transit is needed, including local connections to transit that are convenient and easy to use; specific needs:
• A first mile/last mile program
• Better connections to suburban commuter rail stops
• Investment in technology to help with connections
• Need for alternative transit for suburban environments, the aging population, and millennials
• Need to coordinate between RTAs, transit providers, and developers in suburbs, specifically:
• Additional support for Neponset Valley TMA, MWRTA, in Concord, and areas between Central Mass and Boston Region MPOs
• Corrections for schedule mismatches between RTA service and various shuttle services (eventually would like to use Charlie Card system)
• Services that can accommodate teenagers, as well as millennials and seniors
• Westwood shuttle and bus service stops at Westwood municipal borders
• Airport service, specifically in Fitchburg area

Capacity Management and Mobility Needs

Roadway Reliability Needs

MPO activities and investments to increase reliability on the roadway network benefit both freight and non-freight road users. The MPO has identified a priority set of congested locations on the region’s expressways and arterials using four measures: speed index, travel time index, volume-to-capacity ratio, and crash history. Each corridor was given a weighted score depending on the number of performance measures that indicated congestion. Below is a list of expressway and arterial corridors along with their corresponding LRTP needs assessment corridor.

Expressway Corridors

• I-93 between I-95 in Woburn and the Leverett Connector
• I-93 between the Braintree Split and the Massachusetts Ave. Interchange
• US 1 between Route 60 in Revere and Route 99 in Saugus
• Route 128 at Lowell Street, Exit 26, in Peabody
• I-90 between Interchanges 16 and 17 in Newton
• I-95 between I-93 in Woburn and US 1 in Lynnfield

Arterial Corridors

• Route 1 Westwood to Sharon – Southwest
• Route 138 (Canton) – Southwest
• Route 1A from Salem to Revere – Northeast
• Route 107 Western Ave. at Route 129 Washington St. (Lynn) – Northeast
• Route 114 (Peabody, Salem) – Northeast
• Route 1A (Revere) – Northeast/Central
• Rte. 2 Bypass Rd./Cambridge Turnpike-Piper Road/Taylor Rd. (Concord, Acton) – Northwest
• Route 60 from Route 2 to Rte. 2A and Medford St. (Arlington) – Northwest
• Rte. 62 Main Street in Concord between Elm St. and Route 2 – Northwest
• Routes 62, 225 and 4 corridor (Bedford, Lexington) – Northwest
• Route 16 Fresh Pond Parkway and Alewife Brook Parkway – Northwest/Central
• Memorial Drive (Cambridge) – Northwest/Central
• Route 3A Marshfield to Quincy – Southeast
• Route 18 (Weymouth) – Southeast
• Route 28 Milton to Randolph – Southeast
• Route 138 (Milton) – Southeast
• Route 9 Southborough to Newton – West
• Route 16 Holliston to Newton – West
• Route 20 (Weston) – West
• Route 30 between I-90 and Route 9 (Framingham) – West
• Route 135 Wellesley to Natick – West
• Route 16 Mystic Valley Parkway and Revere Beach Parkway – North/Central
• Route 99 Broadway (Everett) – North/Central
• Route 129 Wilmington to Reading – North

As discussed above, work on these priority expressways and arterials should consider the transportation needs of passengers and freight, as well as ways to accommodate transit, bicycling and walking. 

Transit Reliability Needs

The MBTA Scorecard reports on various performance measures for the bus system as a whole, for individual rapid transit lines, for the commuter rail system as a whole, and for individual commuter rail lines. An analysis of monthly scorecards for 2013 reveals that:

• Overall, bus vehicle availability, scheduled bus trips operated, and mean miles between failures for bus fleet goals were met or exceeded. However, according to the 2012 MBTA Service Policy Delivery standards (revisited every two years), only 7.6 percent of all bus routes passed the service-adherence standard.
• The Orange Line did not meet the 95 percent on-time performance goal during any month of the year.
• The commuter rail system overall did not meet the on-time performance goal of 95 percent.
• On individual lines, only the Fairmount, Greenbush, Middleborough/Lakeville, and Kingston/Plymouth Lines had on-time performance rates greater than the 95 percent goal.
• The commuter rail system did not meet the locomotive mean miles between failures goal.

Transit Capacity Needs

As mentioned above, the majority of transit capacity and expansion needs are funded by federal agencies, MassDOT, the region’s RTAs, and other entities. A number of major infrastructure constraints on the MBTA system limit capacity and hinder the agency’s ability to expand the system in the future. Most of these constraints are mentioned in Paths to A Sustainable Region, the previous LRTP, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Additional tracks are needed at South Station to accommodate any growth in service on south-side commuter rail lines. MassDOT currently has plans to expand Boston’s South Station terminal capacity, and related layover capacity, to meet current and future high-speed, intercity, and commuter rail service needs. MassDOT has received $32.5 million from the Federal Railroad Administration for expansion planning and environmental review of South Station.
• The capacity of the Haverhill, Fitchburg, Franklin, Stoughton, Needham, and Old Colony Lines is constrained by sections of single track.
• The Green Line’s central subway tunnel currently is operating at capacity.
• The Orange Line currently is overcrowded during peak hours between Downtown Crossing and North Station.
• Systemwide, 20 percent of park-and-ride lots associated with transit stations (MBTA and public or private lots that provide transit parking) are utilized at 85 percent of their capacity, or greater. Of these facilities, 62 percent are commuter rail, 31 percent are rapid transit, and seven percent serve both rapid transit and commuter rail.

A recent analysis of the MBTA’s current Program for Mass Transportation (PMT) identified several locations and facilities with transit needs. These include, but are not limited to the following:

• Analysis indicates that numerous communities around the region will experience high growth in intercity trips by 2030. These include:
• Peabody, Beverly, Salem
• Acton, Concord, and Westford
• Framingham, Marlborough, and Natick (communities served by the MWRTA)
• Needham and Wellesley (MWRTA provides some service to Wellesley)
• Stoughton, Canton, Norwood, Walpole
• Lynn     
• A great number of MBTA bus routes need additional service or larger, articulated vehicles, either to overcome periods of crowding or on a regular basis. 
• There are opportunities to establish additional crosstown routes to provide quicker and more direct connections for crosstown travel. Relatedly, there are strong activity centers in adjacent radial corridors that are not currently connected by transit.
• Malden and Weymouth are expected to experience high growth in intra-city trips; however, current transit mode shares are extremely low. 
• Everett, which is densely populated, lacks a direct public transit connection to downtown Boston.    

In addition, the MBTA will provide the MPO with a list of capacity and mobility improvement projects once the MBTA’s Capital Investment Program document is released for public review.

MPO staff has also identified several transit capacity and service needs through public outreach:

• There is an interest in exploring improvements to bus transit, such as bus prioritization, and dedicated lanes.
• Suburban transit service should be expanded in suburban areas throughout the region.

Transit Connectivity Needs

Transit connectivity includes connections to other modes at stations or stops, as well as broader connectivity to employment, housing, and other key destinations. Multi-modal connections at stations and stops take into account parking availability and bicycle and pedestrian links. MPO staff analyzed patterns of parking utilization on the MBTA system to determine which park-and-ride lots and bicycle facilities were congested. Any parking lot or bicycle facility that is more than 85 percent utilized is considered congested; these facilities are listed below: 

Park and Ride Lots at More than 85-Percent Utilization

• Swampscott – Newburyport/Rockport Line
• Beverly Depot  – Newburyport/Rockport Line
• Manchester – Newburyport/Rockport Line
• North Wilmington – Haverhill Line
• Wilmington – Lowell Line
• Wedgemere – Lowell Line
• West Medford – Lowell Line
• South Acton – Fitchburg Line
• Kendal Green – Fitchburg Line
• Waltham – Fitchburg Line
• West Natick – Worcester Line
• Wellesley Square – Worcester Line
• Wellesley Hills – Worcester Line
• Needham Junction – Needham Line
• Franklin – Franklin Line
• Plimptonville – Franklin Line
• Endicott – Franklin Line
• Providence – Providence Line
• South Attleboro – Providence Line
• Mansfield – Providence Line
• Maverick – Blue Line
• Oak Grove – Orange Line
• Forest Hills – Orange Line
• Savin Hill – Red Line
• Milton – Red Line
• Wollaston – Red Line
• Braintree – Red Line
• Lechmere – Green Line
• Waban – Green Line
• Eliot – Green Line
• Chestnut Hill – Green Line

Bicycle Parking at MBTA Stations at More than 85-Percent Utilization

• West Concord – Fitchburg Line
• Natick – Worcester Line
• Providence – Providence Line
• Whitman – Old Colony Line
• Alewife – Red Line
• Kendall/MIT – Red Line
• Downtown Crossing – Red Line
• North Quincy – Red Line
• Wollaston – Red Line
• Sullivan Square – Orange Line
• Chinatown – Orange Line
• BU Central – Green Line
• Hynes – Green Line
• Brookline Hills – Green Line
• Newton Centre – Green Line
• Chestnut Hill – Green Line
• Longwood Medical Center – Green Line

MPO staff has also identified needs related to bicycle and pedestrian connections at stations:

• Bicycle station access, such as at the recently opened Assembly Orange Line station, should be implemented wherever possible throughout the rapid transit system.
• Bicycle access to other north-side Orange Line stations, the Blue Line, and southern parts of the Red Line is inadequate.
• Most commuter rail stations outside the Inner Core communities have been designed to facilitate access by auto. Pedestrian and bicycle access to these stations should be improved wherever feasible.
• Pedestrian station access has been improved as part of the Blue Line stations’ reconstruction.
• Additional opportunities exist to improve pedestrian access to rapid transit, especially to the north-side Orange Line stations, and southern parts of the Red Line.

MPO staff has identified several transit connectivity needs—both to transit facilities and destinations throughout the region—through reviews of the Program for Mass Transportation, and other public outreach and analysis:

• At Alewife Station, traffic congestion reduces reliability of bus routes and increases running times.
• There are opportunities to establish additional crosstown routes to provide quicker and more direct connections for crosstown travel. Relatedly, there are strong activity centers in adjacent radial corridors that are not currently connected by transit.
• Many communities are interested in improved links to existing transit service. These include park-and-ride, transit station parking, shuttle services, and other facilities and services that support last-mile connections.
• There is interest in improving connections between the region’s RTAs.

Bicycle and Pedestrian Network Connectivity Needs

In 2014, MPO staff completed its Bicycle Network Evaluation, which assessed gaps in the MPO’s existing bicycle network according to how well connections in these areas would support bicycle connectivity and maximize safe access throughout the region. A steering committee of bicycle representatives from MassDOT and MAPC guided this project, and advocacy groups and bicycling stakeholders in the region provided input. Staff evaluated more than 230 gaps and ranked these gaps using evaluation criteria pertaining to bicycle connectivity.

Through this evaluation process, MPO staff identified eleven top priorities.\

• Waltham - Central Massachusetts Rail Trail
• Framingham/Ashland/Sherborn - Upper Charles Trail
• Framingham - Sudbury Aqueduct Trail
• Somerville - Community Path/Green Line Extension
• Boston - Dorchester Corridors
• Boston - Boston University Bridge to Emerald Necklace
• Boston - Charlesgate
• Arlington - Minuteman to Mystic Valley
• Cambridge - Central Square
• Chelsea - Commuter Rail to East Boston Greenway
• Salem - Canal Street Bikeway

Progress on these eleven identified priorities varies by gap. For example, some still need further planning and design, others have right-of-way or land-ownership challenges, yet others are proposed for funding. In addition, as part of the Bicycle Network Evaluation, MPO staff noted that there are areas within the region, such as the Three Rivers Interlocal Council and South Shore Coalition subregions, with so few bicycle facilities (on-road lanes, protected lanes, or off-road paths) that they did not meet the definitions for gaps in the study. Staff recommended that existing desire lines for facilities in these areas be considered in subsequent evaluations.

In addition to the priority connections identified through the Bicycle Network Evaluation, several BSG 100 priority corridor projects are within the MPO region:

• MassCentral corridor – Wayside Trail (includes Hudson, Sudbury, Waltham, Wayland, Weston)
• Merrimack-Charles River corridor – Bruce Freeman Rail Trail Extension (Acton, Carlisle, Concord)
• Merrimack Charles River corridor – Reformatory Branch Trail (includes Bedford)
• Merrimack Charles River corridor – Community Path Extension (includes Somerville)
• Boston Cape Cod corridor – Neponset River Greenway Phase 2 (includes Boston, Milton)
• North Shore corridor – Border to Boston (North and South) (includes Danvers, Topsfield, Wenham)
• North Shore corridor – Northern Strand Community Trail (includes Everett, Lynn, Malden, Revere, Saugus)

Progress has been made on a number of these projects; several have been proposed for TIP funding, and some are being advanced by other entities.

Through outreach and analysis, MPO staff has identified additional needs related to bicycle and pedestrian connectivity, and which address a combination of specific locations and broader themes:

• Bicycles approaching Boston via the northwest, west, and southwest corridors can use existing bicycle facilities, notably the Minuteman Bike Trail, the Charles River Basin paths, and the Southwest Corridor linear park. Comparable facilities do not exist for bicycles approaching from the northeast, north, or southeast.
• Communities are interested in improving bicycle connectivity throughout the region, including enhancements to the existing system and circumferential routes.
• Inadequate snow removal from sidewalks reduces mobility, especially for older people and those with mobility impairments.
• Only 52 percent of the region’s non-limited-access roadways have a sidewalk on at least one side of the street. Within the Inner Core communities, 87 percent of streets have a sidewalk; outside the Inner Core, this drops to 45 percent. Many communities are interested in increasing local walkability. The completion of local sidewalk systems, preferably on both sides of the street, should be a long-range goal.

Potential Programs to Address Capacity Management and Mobility Needs

• Intersection Improvement Program – Can reduce congestion, which would improve mobility and reduce emissions; can include Complete Streets elements that would improve mobility for bicyclists, and mobility and accessibility for pedestrians.
• Complete Streets Program – Can increase transportation options by adding new sidewalks and bicycle facilities.
• Bottleneck Program – Can reduce congestion and would improve mobility. The identified congested expressway and arterial locations should be prioritized.
• Interchange Modernization Program – Can reduce congestion and would improve mobility.
• Bicycle Network Program – Can increase transportation options, provide access to transit or other activity centers, and support last-mile connections.
• Pedestrian Connections Program – Can increase transportation options, provide access to transit or other activity centers, and support last-mile connections.
• Major Infrastructure – Project specific, but potentially could increase transportation options.
• Park-and-Ride and Bicycle Parking Programs – Can increase transit ridership by expanding automobile and bicycle parking at commuter rail and rapid transit stations.
• Clean Air and Mobility/Community Transportation Program – Can provide funding for starting up new, locally developed transit services and support last-mile connections; provide transit vehicles and coordination to serve environmental justice (EJ)  populations in suburban areas.

Clean Air and Clean Communities

Goals and Objectives

Existing Goal: 

Create an environmentally friendly transportation system

Existing Objectives:

• Reduce greenhouse gases generated in the Boston region by all transportation modes as outlined in the Global Warming Solutions Act
• Reduce other transportation-related pollutants
• Minimize negative environmental impacts of the transportation system
• Support land use policies consistent with smart and healthy growth

Background

The Boston Region MPO agrees that greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) contribute to climate change. If climate trends continue as projected, the conditions in the Boston region will include a rise in sea level coupled with storm-induced flooding, and warmer temperatures that would affect the region’s infrastructure, economy, human health, and natural resources. Massachusetts is responding to this challenge by taking action to reduce the GHGs produced by the state, including those generated by the transportation sector. To that end, Massachusetts passed its Global Warming Solutions Act, which requires reductions of GHGs by 2020, and further reductions by 2050, relative to 1990 baseline conditions. Understanding that reducing the use of single-occupant vehicles also would scale back production of GHGs and other pollutants, Massachusetts has a goal of tripling the share of travel in Massachusetts by bicycling, using transit and walking by 2030.

In addition, the MPO analyzes and monitors the presence of other air quality pollutants—volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) from transportation in the region. The MPO region was classified as attainment for ozone (formed from VOC and NOx emissions) in 2012. The Boston Region MPO is in attainment with the PM standards, but remains in maintenance for CO.

Contributing to this improved air quality status is the MPO’s attention to accomplishing the State Implementation Plan Commitments from the Central Artery/Third Harbor Tunnel project, and other measures and projects funded in the LRTP and TIP to reduce congestion and improve transit and active modes of transportation. Although the MPO area is in attainment and maintenance for these specific air quality standards, its goal is to continue to reduce emissions of these pollutants.

In addition to air quality, the MPO consults with agencies responsible for land management, natural resources, historic preservation, and environmental protection and conservation as related to transportation initiatives. Natural, environmental, and historic resources were mapped for the Boston region using information from the Commonwealth’s Office of Geographic and Environmental Information Systems MassGIS). The MPO considers environmental impacts that stem from transportation projects, including areas of critical environmental concern, special flood hazard areas, wetlands, water supply, protected open space, endangered species, and brownfield and superfund sites. In the Boston region, environmental reviews for projects are conducted by the proponent transportation agency or municipality. The environmental reviews occur when each of the projects is in the design phase and prior to being funded for construction. Impacts to these resources from the project are factored into project evaluations through the MPO’s evaluation criteria.

Policy Context

Initiatives and Directives Shaping this Goal

Greenhouse Gas

• Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21^st Century
• Global Warming Solutions Act
• GreenDOT Implementation Plan
• Guidance for Evaluation of GHG Emissions: MassDOT developed guidance for evaluating GHG emissions in the LRTP and the TIP that requires MPOs to provide an air-quality analysis, calculating carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions for all TIP projects. In addition, they require that a CO₂ analysis be performed for the LRTP.
• Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) GHG Regulation: DEP issued a regulation in January 2015 requiring that MPO’s calculate GHG reductions associated with all projects programmed in the LRTP and TIP and report that information to MassDOT.
• MassDOT Mode Shift Goal

Air Pollution

• 1990 Clean Air Act and its Amendments
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 40 CFR Parts 51 and 93 – Conformity Regulation
• United States Department of Transportation 23 CFR Parts 450 Subpart C

Environment

• United States Department of Transportation 23 CFR Parts 450 Subpart C – Metropolitan Transportation Planning and Programming Regulation

Relevant MPO Studies, Reports, and Documents

Greenhouse Gas

• Carbon Dioxide, Climate Change, and the Boston Region MPO: A Discussion Paper, Boston Region MPO, 2008
• Carbon Dioxide, Climate Change, and the Boston Region MPO: 2012 Update, Boston Region MPO, 2012
• GHG calculations are performed for most studies involving transportation project evaluation

Air Pollution

• The MPO’s previous LRTP Paths to a Sustainable Region, Chapter 10, adopted September 2011 and amended in November 2011, July 2013, and November 2013
• The MPO’s previous Transportation Improvement Program and Air Quality Conformity Determination, Chapter 5, adopted in July 2014
• Calculations for air quality emissions (VOC, CO, NOx, and PM) are performed for most studies involving transportation project evaluation

Environment

• The MPO’s previous LRTP Paths to a Sustainable Region, Chapter 5, adopted September 2011

Resources Used to Establish Transportation Needs

Greenhouse Gas

• All-Hazards Planning Application: This application shows the region’s transportation network in relation to natural hazard zones. This tool works in conjunction with the MPO’s database of TIP projects so that it can be used to determine if proposed projects are located in areas prone to flooding or at risk of seawater inundation from hurricane storm surges, or, in the long term, sea level rise, which may be a result of climate change. Transportation facilities in such hazard zones might benefit from flood protection measures, such as enhanced drainage systems, or adaptations for sea level rise.
• Boston Region MPO Vehicle Miles Traveled and Emissions Data Browser: This application can be used to browse CTPS's database of modeled vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle hours traveled, VOC, NOx, and CO₂ emissions data for the 101 cities and towns in the Boston Region MPO. The data is presented by vehicle type (single-occupant vehicles, high-occupant vehicles, and trucks) and by period (6:00 AM-to-9:00 AM, 9:00 AM-to-3:00 PM, 3:00 PM-to-6:00 PM, and 6:00 PM-to-6:00 AM).

Air Pollution

• Boston Region MPO Vehicle Miles Traveled and Emissions Data Browser (see above)

Environment

The MPO addresses environmental impacts through its evaluation criteria, rating projects on how they address impacts in these areas prior to programming projects in the LRTP and TIP. The following information is available by accessing the LRTP Needs Assessment tool, which will direct you to the Massachusetts geographic information system (GIS) website. In addition, the MPO’s All-Hazards Application described above provides information about some of the items listed below.

• Areas of critical environmental concern (ACEC) – 12 ACECs are located at least partially in the Boston Region MPO area and are recognized for their unique, significant natural and cultural resources. The ACEC designation helps to ensure that any activities undertaken in or near the ACEC have minimal negative impacts.
• Special flood hazard areas – A simplified definition of these areas is that they are within 100-year floodplains. Proponents are directed to minimize construction and implement mitigation measures in areas categorized as being within a 100-year floodplain.
• Wetlands – Wetlands fall into the following categories: marsh/bog, wooded marsh, cranberry bog, salt marsh, open water, reservoir (with public water system identification), tidal flats, and beach/dune.
• Water supply and wellhead protection areas – These are surface water protection areas, classified depending on proximity to water. Wellhead protection areas that include recharge areas for wells also are classified.
• Protected open space – There are four levels of protection: perpetuity, limited, term-limited, and none.
• Natural heritage and endangered species program (NHESP) priority habitats – Three categories are presented: NHESP certified vernal pools, NHESP estimated habitats of Rare Wildlife, and NHESP Priority Habitats of Rare Species.
• Brownfield and Superfund Sites – Brownfields are properties that may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. A superfund site is an uncontrolled or abandoned place where hazardous waste is located,

Public Input on Regional Needs

The following is a list of needs identified through public outreach conducted in the fall of 2014, and on an ongoing basis through the MPO website, as they relate to clean air and clean communities:

• Congestion increases vehicle idling which increases air pollution emissions in the region.
• GreenDOT is a comprehensive environmental responsibility and sustainability initiative; however, it is challenging to coordinate its initiatives across state and regional agencies.
• Attention to climate change is important to coastal communities.

Clean Air and Clean Communities Needs

The MPO’s policy is to address climate change, reduce air pollution, and avoid harmful effects to the environment. The MPO should continue monitoring the estimated or projected levels of pollutants (VOC, NOx, CO, PM, and CO₂). It should use this information to guide planning and programming in its LRTP, TIP, studies or individual projects outlined in the UPWP, and project work for various transportation agencies. In both the LRTP and TIP project-selection processes, the MPO reviews and rates projects on how well they meet criteria established to protect the environment.

Many of the objectives established under the goals of Capacity Management and Mobility will help the MPO to meet the Clean Air and Clean Communities goal in the future. It encourages programs that would help reduce vehicle-miles of travel (VMT), which in turn would help reduce emissions of VOC, NOx, CO, CO₂, and PM.

Environmental impacts of projects will continue to be reviewed at the individual project level as they are submitted for funding consideration in the LRTP and TIP. A qualitative evaluation is done for projects in the conceptual design phase using the MPO’s All-Hazards Planning Application. A more detailed evaluation is possible for projects that are further along in design. 

Potential Programs to Address Clean Air and Clean Community Needs

• Intersection Improvement Program – Can reduce emissions as a result of improved operations for all vehicles, and through mode shift; accompanied by improvements in transit reliability, and bicycle and pedestrian infrastructur.e
• Complete Streets – Bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure improvements can help to reduce VMT through improved operations and mode shift.
• Bottleneck Program – Improved operations and traffic flow help to reduce emissions.
• Bicycle Program – Bicycle infrastructure improvements can help to reduce VMT through mode shift.
• Pedestrian Program – Pedestrian infrastructure improvements can help to reduce VMT through mode shift.
• Major Infrastructure – Would include projects to expand transit usage.

transportation equity

Goals and Objectives

Existing Goal: 

Provide comparable transportation access and service quality among communities, regardless of income level or minority population

Existing Objectives:

• Target investments to areas that benefit a high percentage of low-income and minority populations
• Minimize any burdens associated with MPO-funded projects in low-income and minority areas
• Break down barriers to participation in MPO decision making

Background

The MPO’s Transportation Equity goal is to provide comparable transportation access and service quality among communities regardless of income level or minority status. To accomplish this, the MPO will target investments to areas that benefit a high percentage of low-income and minority populations, minimize any burdens associated with MPO-funded projects in low-income and minority areas, and break down barriers to participation in MPO decision making.

Policy Context

Initiatives and Directives Shaping this Goal

• Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
• Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and in Low-income Populations
• Executive Order 13166, Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency
• The Americans with Disabilities Act
• Coordinated Public Transit-Human-Services Transportation Plan (CPTHST)

Relevant MPO Studies, Reports, and Documents

• Coordinated Human Services Transportation Plan, 2014
• Assessment of Regional Equity Outreach 2008–092013 Environmental Justice Outreach in the Transportation Equity Program, 2013
• Title VI reports for the region, including:
  • Title VI and Environmental Justice Demographic Profiles of the Region, 2013
  • 2011 MBTA Title VI Report, 2011
  • 2014 MPO Triennial Title VI Report, 2014
• Analysis of Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) and New Freedom Projects (in the MPO region), 2013
• Job Access and Reverse Commute and New Freedom Federal Grant Program Projects in the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization Area: An Evaluation, Boston Region MPO, FFY 2014
• Proposed New Criteria for MPO Evaluation of Job Access Reverse Commute and New Freedom Grant Proposals, Boston Region MPO, 2013

Resources Used to Establish Transportation Needs

• LRTP Needs Assessment Application:
  • Environmental Justice (EJ) Areas: The Needs Assessment includes information on Environmental Justice areas, which provide data on both Title VI areas and areas of EJ concern. Title VI defines low-income and minority areas. Environmental Justice areas of concern meet either a greater minority threshold, income threshold, or both thresholds.
  • Elderly Population: This data includes the population age 70 and older and the percentage of the population age 70 and older from 2010.

Public Input on Regional Needs

The following is a list of needs identified through public outreach conducted throughout 2014, and on an ongoing basis through the MPO website, as they relate to transportation equity:

• Weekend, early morning, and late night transit service is lacking.
• MBTA fares are burdensome for some populations.
• Transit does not always account for existing traffic flows and congestion when developing schedules.
• Many transit trips require too many transfers.
• Service gaps exist within and between communities.
• Affordable and accessible community shuttles are needed.
• Access to employment corridors is limited for some people.
• MBTA infrastructure and accessibility need to be improved.
• Additional benches at MBTA stations are needed.
• Snow removal from curb cuts, sidewalks and bus stops is inadequate.
• Intermodal connections need to be improved.
• There is a need to think more broadly beyond arbitrary service boundaries.
• Customer relations need to be improved.
• Communication systems need to be improved.
• There is a lack of coordination and some duplication of services among service providers.
• There is a lack of knowledge about transportation services available in communities.

Transportation Equity Needs

The MPO determines the transportation needs of people in environmental-justice areas in a number of ways. Staff posts a needs survey on the MPO’s website; the MPO conducts forums and meetings to solicit input; staff attend various meetings where needs and transportation gaps are discussed; and staff keep current on reports and studies that identify these needs. Identified needs generally fall into several categories, including:

• Transit service improvements
• Transit and roadway infrastructure improvements
• Improved intermodal connections
• Coordination of various services

The MPO addresses regional transportation equity needs through TIP evaluation criteria, where projects that address a transportation issue in an environmental-justice neighborhood can score points. MPO staff gives positive ratings to projects that could benefit environmental-justice areas, and negative ratings to projects that might burden these areas. This scoring system gives projects that address transportation equity issues an advantage, as the MPO considers these ratings when deciding what projects should be funded in the LRTP or TIP.

Potential Programs to Address Transportation Equity Needs

• Intersection Improvement Program – Improved intersections can enhance transit services and can provide better and more bicycle and pedestrian connections, including those provided by a Complete Streets Program.
• Complete Streets – Can provide better transit access, improved pedestrian, bicycle infrastructure, and can help increase access to transit.
• Major Infrastructure – Transit: Can improve availability of transit options and accessibility to important destinations. Highway: Can improve mobility for transit vehicles in some instances, and automobile travel. 
• Clean Air and Mobility/Community Transportation Program – Can provide funding for starting up new, locally developed transit services; includes transit vehicles and coordination of service to EJ populations in suburban areas.

economic vitality

Goals and Objectives

Existing Goal: 

Ensure our transportation network provides a strong foundation for economic vitality

Existing Objectives:

• Respond to mobility needs of the 25–34 year-old workforce
• Minimize the burden of housing and transportation costs for residents in the region
• Prioritize transportation investments that serve targeted development sites
• Prioritize transportation investments consistent with the compact-growth strategies of MetroFuture

Background

Land use decisions and many economic development decisions in Massachusetts are controlled directly by local municipalities through zoning—as guided by a significant body of laws and regulations enacted by the state legislature. At the regional level, MAPC is the regional planning agency that represents the 101 cities and towns in the metropolitan Boston area and the Boston Region MPO. The MPO relies on MAPC to develop the region’s population and employment projections for use in transportation planning. MAPC also coordinates and consults with the region’s municipalities regarding these projections, and reviews and evaluates land use and economic-development plans and their relationship to MPO planning.

MAPC created MetroFuture, a plan to make a “greater” Boston region—to better the lives of the people who live and work in metropolitan Boston, now and in the future. The MPO adopted this plan as its land use plan for the Boston Region MPO area. One of MetroFuture’s implementation strategies is to focus on economic growth, and coordinate transportation investments to guide economic growth in the region.

Policy Context

Initiatives and Directives Shaping this Goal

• Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21^st Century
• United States Department of Transportation 23 CFR Parts 450 Subpart C – Metropolitan Transportation Planning and Programming Regulation
• Partnership for Sustainable Communities
• Healthy Transportation Compact (HTC)
• Massachusetts Planning Ahead for Growth strategy
• MAPC’s Metro Future

Resources Used to Establish Transportation Needs

• LRTP Needs Assessment Application:
  • Population Density: Residents per square mile for 2012 and 2040, and change from 2012-2040.
  • Employment Density: Jobs per square mile for 2012 and 2040, and change from 2012-2040.
  • Freight (Truck) Trip Density and Generators: Truck trips per square mile 2012 and selected truck trip generators, including internal intermodal transfer point, distribution center, and external intermodal transfer point. The data also includes change in truck trip density from 2012-2040.
• The Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development Planning Ahead for Growth Mapping Tool: This mapping tool illustrated targeted development areas based on both state and local priorities. Zoning data also includes Chapter 43D Districts, Economic Target Areas, Growth District Initiative Areas, Chapter 43E Districts, and Chapter 40R Subdistricts.

Public Input on Regional Needs

The following is a list of needs identified through public outreach conducted in the fall of 2014, and on an ongoing basis through the MPO website, as they relate to economic vitality:

• Desire for economic growth within subregions so that people do not need to travel to Boston for work.
• Need proactive efforts to make connections between projects that affect multiple communities.
• Concern about truck traffic on arterials that may potentially shift to other routes, i.e., onto Routes 126 and 135, if those routes are upgraded.
• Need for master vision that addresses transportation holistically, reviewing both truck and person travel; for example, a plan for Route 16 in Natick.
• Framingham would be a logical DMU hub for the western reaches of the MBTA, including opening several north-south low-density freight routes to passenger service (as was done many years ago by the B&M and New Haven Railroads).

Economic Vitality Needs

MassDOT, the Massachusetts Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development (EOHED), and the Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EOEEA) joined together to highlight their common strategy and commitment to the Commonwealth’s sustainable development and the “Planning Ahead for Growth” strategy. This strategy calls for identification of priority areas where growth and preservation should occur.

MAPC worked with EOHED and the EOEEA to develop a process to identify local, regional, and state-level priority development and preservation areas in municipalities within the MPO area. MAPC staff worked with municipalities and state partners to identify locations throughout the region that are principal supporters of additional housing, employment growth, creation and preservation of open space, and the infrastructure improvements required to support these outcomes for each location. This process identified locations that are best suited to support the type of continued economic vitality and future growth that the market demands, and which communities desire. Identifying these key growth and preservation locations also helps MAPC, the Boston Region MPO, and state agencies to understand both the infrastructure and technical assistance needs better, in order to help them prioritize the limited regional and state funding.

Priority plans were developed for the following areas:

• Metro North – Includes the municipalities of Chelsea, Everett, Malden, Medford, Melrose, Revere, and Somerville, Winthrop, and the neighborhoods of East Boston and Charlestown in the City of Boston.
• MetroWest – Includes the municipalities of Acton, Ashland, Bellingham, Berlin, Bolton, Boxborough, Framingham, Franklin, Holliston, Hopkinton, Hudson, Littleton, Marlborough, Maynard, Medway, Milford, Millis, Natick, Norfolk, Sherborn, Southborough, Stow, Sudbury, Wayland, and Wrentham.
• North Suburban Planning Council – Includes the municipalities of Burlington, North Reading, Reading, Stoneham, Wakefield, Wilmington, Winchester, and Woburn.
• North Shore Task Force – Includes the municipalities of Beverly, Danvers, Hamilton, Ipswich, Salem, and Wenham.
• South Coast Rail – Includes the municipalities of Canton, Mansfield, Sharon, and Stoughton.

Economic development effects will be considered at the individual project level as projects are submitted for funding in the LRTP and TIP. Projects will be evaluated based on their proximity to the priority development areas and how well the transportation project or program would address existing and proposed economic development needs in the area.

Potential Programs to Address Economic Vitality Needs

• Intersection Improvement Program – Can reduce congestion, which would improve mobility and access to centers of economic activity; and can include Complete Streets elements that will improve mobility for bicyclists and mobility and accessibility for pedestrians.
• Complete Streets Program – Can increase transportation options and access to places of employment by adding new sidewalks and bicycle facilities.
• Bottleneck Program – Can reduce congestion and improve mobility for all vehicles. The identified congested expressway and arterial locations should be prioritized.
• Interchange Modernization Program – Can reduce congestion, which will improve mobility, potentially for all modes.
• Major Infrastructure – Highway: Can increase mobility for all modes and address access to existing centers of economic activity and services. Transit: Can provide access to existing centers of economic activity and services.